Shah Sumaya Jan

Abstract

Background: The patella is an important bone in the knee joint, and its morphology can vary between different populations. The present study aimed to perform a morphometric analysis of dry human patellae from the Kashmiri population to determine their anatomical features and to compare them with Indian and global studies. Materials and Methods: The study included 40 dry human patellae (20 right and 20 left) from the Kashmiri population. Various parameters such as patella height, patella width, patella thickness, ridge length, medial and lateral articular facet length and width were measured using a digital Vernier caliper. The mean values of these parameters, along with their standard deviations, minimum and maximum values were calculated. The t-value and p-value were also calculated to determine the significance of any differences observed between the two sides. Results: The results showed no significant differences between the right and left patellae for most of the parameters analyzed, including patella height, patella width, patella thickness, ridge length, medial and lateral articular facet length. However, there was a significant difference in the medial articular facet width (p=0.136) and lateral articular facet width (p=0.318) between the two sides. The mean values for all parameters were within the range of values reported in previous studies of patellar morphology in different populations. Conclusion: The present study provides important information about the morphometric features of patellae in the Kashmiri population. The findings suggest that there are no significant differences in the morphological features of the patellae between the right and left sides, except for the medial and lateral articular facet widths.   Keywords: Patella, Morphometry, Kashmiri population, Anatomical features, Articular facets.

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Abstract

Introduction: The pterion is an important boane marker due to its frequent proximity to Broca's Area and the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery. Aim & Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the different types of pterions and gauge the distance between bony landmarks on the skull and the midpoint of the pterion. Methods:  The study used 30 adult dried human skulls of undetermined age and sex. Bilateral observation of pterion types and locations was made. The fronto-zygomatic suture, the center of the zygomatic arch, the tip of the mastoid process, the glabella, the anterosuperior edge of the external auditory meatus, and the asterion were all measured using a digital Vernier caliper. Results:  A total of five varieties of pterions were observed; Spheno-parietal, frontotemporal, stellate, epipteric, and atypical pterion. Bilaterally Sphenoparietal was the most prevalent form of skull among those examined. The mean distances from the midpoint of the pterion to the fronto-zygomatic suture were 30.99±5.48 mm and 30.21±5.72 mm, respectively. The average distances to the middle of the zygomatic arch were 37.77± 3.61 mm and 37.94±3.89 mm, respectively. The average distances to the asterion were 82.54±7.18 mm and 84.43±6.78 mm. The mean distances to the external acoustic meatus were 50.70±3.18 mm and 51.35±3.37 mm; to the glabella, it was 78.01±6.15 mm and 75.66±6.73mm; to the tip of the mastoid process, it was 80.27±6.20 mm on the right side and 78.98±5.45 mm on the left side. Conclusion:  The pterion is the most popular surface landmark. Neurosurgeons, radiologists, anthropologists, and forensic pathologists will benefit from the study's findings about the classification of pterion.   Keywords: Pterion, Dry human skulls.

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