Maunil Desai

Removing the rigidity from Traditional Viva (TV) and making it flexible and easy with structured viva (SV) can drastically boost students' preparedness to appear confident in exam so that their knowledge and performance can improve. This study was conducted to identify the perception of faculties and students about SV and to evaluate the effect of SV on performance of students. After taking permission from Ethical committee, all willing students of first MBBS (2020-21), Government Medical College, Surat were enrolled in the study and were divided into 8 batches among 8 faculties. Pre validated SV cards were prepared well in advance. At the end of viva the pre-validated Questionnaire was given to collect their feedbacks for SV. Unpaired Student's t test and paired t test was applied for statistical analysis. When calculated statistically, it was found that, except for lower limb, students achieved more marks with SV as compared to TV. When combined and compared, the total marks obtained by the students in SV were more than the marks obtained in TV. The results from students' perspective suggests that SV is a more precise and unbiased way of practical examination of viva. It is valid, reliable and not/less subjective. Overall, Time consumption, Ease of execution, Ease of understanding and Ease of assessment make the SV a very good and noticeable option to TV. Considering faculties’ perception which was reflected as mixed responses, we can still create a good framework for installation of SV as a formative assessment method.   Keywords: Structured viva, Traditional viva, Perception, Effectiveness.

Introduction: In India, Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major community health problems.Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a respiratory disease. Causative organism for this is acid fast bacilli known as . It is the most ordinary disease affecting the lower socio-economic class in developing countries. Microbiological diagnosis is the heart for the effective treatment of pulmonary TB (PTB). The look forrapid and efficient method has resulted in several staining techniques. Objective of the study was to compare the results of ZN stain (RNTCP) with fluorescent stain by use of microscopy. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in Microbiology Department, SMCGH, Amreli. 350 sputum samples (Spot and early morning sample) collected from 175 suspected case of the pulmonary tuberculosis. All 350 samples were processed by ZN stain and Fluorescent stain to detect acid fast bacilli. By use of microscope, the results of the stained smears were given according to RNTCP guideline. Results: Out of 350 sputum smears, 52 (14.85%) and 61 (17.4%) were positive by ZN and FM staining respectively. Males are predominantly affected than females. Majority of the patients were in age above 50 years. Early morning samples were more reliable than spot samples for detection of acid fast bacilli for ZN stain, but not for fluorescent stain. Fluorescent staining with LED microscopy was more efficient than ZN staining for detection of acid fast bacilli from sputum smear.   Keywords: Pulmonary tuberculosis, Acid fast bacilli, ZN staining, Fluorescent staining, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Introduction: BSI is a major cause of mortality in hospitalized patients. ICU patients are more likely to acquire nosocomial infections than other hospitalised patients. The nature of ICU environment is such, that makes it a focus for the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant pathogens. Aim and Objectives: To Study the spectrum of bacteria causing blood stream infection and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in patients of critical care units. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, PDU Medical College, Rajkot from January 2018 to June 2018. Blood samples were collected in BHIB and processed for culture on blood agar and MacConkey agar, Gram stain and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby Bauer method as per the CLSI guidelines. Results: 464(29.83%) were isolated from 1555 specimens. Out of these, 443 from NICU, 19 from PICU, 1 from ICCU and 1 from SICU, predominantly males (57.11%). GNB sensitivite to Imipenem (100%), Amikacin (95.67%), followed by Levoflox (95%) and Gentamicin (84.33%) and GPC to Linezolid (100%), Vancomicine (100%) followed by Gentamicin (99%) and Tetracycline (89%). Maximum resistance observed to Cephtazidim, Co-trimoxazole in GNB and Erythromicin, Clindamicin in GPC. Conclusion: Excessive use of broad spectrum antibiotics, immunocompromised hosts, invasive procedures make the ICU patients susceptible to colonization with highly resistant pathogens. This study helps to know the spectrum of bacteria causing BSIs and will guide the clinicians to use appropriate management strategies and to formulate local antibiotic policy, thereby will help in early cure and reduced hospital stay of the patients. Keywords: BSI, Blood stream Infection, Blood culture, Neonatal sepsis.

Coinfection means simultaneous infection by two or more virus. Dengue and Chikungunya are viral infections caused by RNA virus (arbovirus). The transmitting vector for both viruses is Aediesaegypti. Human co-infection with DENV and CHIKV have been reported in India since 1967. DENV and CHIKV share a number of similarities in clinical presentation which includes seasonal transmission cycle. This study was carried out in Virology Department, PDU Medical College, Rajkot. A total of 3810, 2122 and 1605 hospitalized patients were serologically screened for DENV, CHIKV and both, respectively between July and October 2017 by IgM Capture ELISA. Co-infection was defined as a positive IgM assay for both infections.60 (3.73%) were IgM positive for both DENV and CHIKV. 474 (12.44%) were mono-infected with DENV and 721 (33.97%) were mono-infected with CHIKV. Simultaneous infection with Dengue and Chikungunya viruses is having more severity than single infection. Early detection and time bound Notification of the positive cases help to reduce the morbidity and mortality rate and help the health authorities to execute effective measures for prevention and control of diseases. This will also help in increasing vigilance before any epidemic. Keywords: Co infection, Dengue, Chikungunya, ELISA.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. Immune dysfunction is a major issue in the disease course, and it can manifest as either autoimmune disease or a poor immune response, the latter of which leads to a higher incidence of infections. The link between a higher incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) and diabetes has been attributed to immune system impairments, poor metabolic control, and incomplete bladder emptying due to autonomic neuropathy. Poor glycaemic control may predispose to more severe UTI and greatly increase the risk of complications in UTI. Materials and Methods: 200 diabetic patients were screened for UTI admitted at Sir T. General Hospital, Bhavnagar over the period of 6 months from 1st November 2021 to 30 the April.2022. The various measures of central tendencies and graphical representations were used to analyse the data. Results: Majority subjects were from age group of 46 – 60 years 74 (37%) followed by 31-45 years 59 (29.5%), > 60 years was 44 (22%) and 18-30 years was 23 (11.5%) respectively. It was found that female patients 103 (51.5%) marginally higher than male 97 (48.5%). The ratio of male: female was 1:1.06. Conclusion: UTI was found to be significantly associated with advanced age and poorly controlled Diabetes. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infections, Doxycycline, Ceftazidime

Introduction: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is typically a persistent disease, insidious in onset, often capable of causing irreversible sequel and severe destruction that clinically manifests with discharge and deafness. CSOM is a major health problem in developing countries causing serious local damage and life-threatening complications. In developing countries, it accounts for 60-80% of middle ear diseases. Its incidence to some extent depends on racial and socioeconomic factors. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in ENT Department, Sir T Hospital, Bhavnagar. Results: A total of 200 patients having complain of ear discharge were randomly distributed in two groups. In one group (group A) patients were treated with topical acetic acid ear drops and in other (group B) patients were treated with topical antibiotics ear drops. Among 200 patient’s majority of the cases were in age group of 18 to 30 yrs. Male patients are predominantly affected than other patients. Conclusion: The study was prospective and observational based on symptomatic relief of problems caused by the pathogens in CSOM by removing or killing the related pathogens and making the ear dry.   Keywords: Topical Acetic Acid, Hearing loss