Saritha Karre

Abstract

Introduction: Wide spectrum of benign and malignant lesions can arise from upper gastrointestinal tract and most of the times histopathological evaluation of endoscopic biopsies gets us to definitive diagnosis. Henceforth the present study aims at finding out different patterns of endoscopic biopsies from upper GI tract. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive study is conducted in a tertiary care hospital for a year from Oct 2014 to Sep 2015 and includes 70 endoscopic gastric biopsies. Study population includes both sexes with ages ranging from 20yrs to 80 yrs. Results: The Upper GI Endoscopy includes 18 Esophageal of which 7 (38.9%) are neoplastic and 11 (61.1%) are non-neoplastic and particularly SCC is noticed in 5 (71.4%), mostly from the middle third of esophagus. Similarly Gastric biopsies showed 25(71.4%) non neoplastic and 10 (28.6%) neoplastic and the commonest presentation being Adenocarcinoma. H Pylori is present in 10 (40%) and absent in 15 (60%) of all gastric lesions and coming to 15 duodenal biopsies, 10 are non-neoplastic (66.7%) and 5(33.3%) are neoplastic and 4 are adenocarcinomas. Conclusions: Through this study we summarize that the Upper GI Endoscopy and histopathological examination helps in early detection of mucosal lesions, both benign and malignant and particularly the malignant lesions will help in better management and preventing grave prognosis. Chronic gastritis is most frequently noticed in non-neoplastic lesions and are predominantly H pylori negative. Keywords: Biopsy, Endoscopy, Histopathology, Upper GI lesions.

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Abstract

Aims and objectives: The main objective of the current study is to delineate prevalence, type of anemia in patients enduring with hypothyroidism and to correlate its severity with deficient levels in thyroid profile. Material and Methods: The prospective study spanning for a year (December 2017 to November2018) consisting of 1500 patients was done in collaboration with Department of Biochemistry at tertiary care Centre. A detailed history was taken and investigations were done in all patients conferred with Anemia and hypothyroidism. Peripheral smear examination, RBC indices, Complete Blood Count were the essential investigations for anemia. Results: The prevalence of anemia was found to be 41.8%. In anemic patients, the predominance of normocytic normochromic anemia was 98.56% (most common), microcytic hypochromic anemia was 0.95% and macrocytic anemia was 0.49%. 59.34% had mild anemia, 39.71% had moderate anemia and 0.95% had severe anemia. Conclusion: The study showed the association of anemia and hypothyroidism and it further highlighted the relation between the two with respect to severity. Normocytic normochromic anemia and mild anemia were observed to be the most widely recognized types of anemia in hypothyroid patients. This will help in implementing appropriate therapeutic decisions for both the conditions and contribute to the wellbeing of the patients. Keywords: Anemia, Hypothyroidism.

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Abstract

Introduction: CD4 is an important prognostic as well as therapeutic marker in the management of HIV and this study identifies the correlation between CD4 counts and FNAC lymphnode (LN) patterns in these patients. Study Design: The study was conducted in the rural areas at Nalgonda district by Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Telangana. Eventhough Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was done on total 56 selected patients who had lymphadenopathy and were tested HIV positive, only 50 of them have CD4 counts and were selected as final study group. Suspected cytosmears have acid fast staining done by Ziehl Nelson technique. The final cytopathological findings were correlated with CD4 counts. Results: In our study, high CD4 counts were associated with reactive lymphadenitis (26%;13/50) most and Low CD4 counts were associated with less frequent suppurative lymphadenitis and particulary TB lymphadenitis was noticed in 56% (28/50) and morphologically exhibited 4 different patterns– caseous with epitheloid granuloma, only caseous necrosis, only epitheloid granuloma and suppurative. Conclusion: CD4 count correlated well with the different stages of immunosuppression in HIV patients. The patients with reactive lymphadenitis demonstrated high CD4 counts suggesting good immunological response. The low CD4 counts seen in patients with suppurative lymphadenitis and cryptococcal infection suggests severe immuno-compromised state. Keywords: Cytopathology, CD4 count, Granuloma, HIV, Lymphnode, Tuberculosis.

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