Rashmi B.R

Abstract

Pain is an uncomfortable feeling that tells you something may be wrong. It can be steady, throbbing, stabbing, aching, pinching, or described in many other ways. Sometimes, it’s just a nuisance, like a mild headache. Other times it can be debilitating. Pain can bring about other physical symptoms, like nausea, dizziness, weakness or drowsiness. It can cause emotional effects like anger, depression, mood swings or irritability. Pain can change your lifestyle and impact your job, relationships and independence. Pain is classified as either acute or chronic. Acute pain is usually severe and short-lived, and is often a signal that your body has been injured. Chronic pain can range from mild to severe, is present for long periods of time, and is often the result of a disease that may require ongoing treatment. When we sense pain, we pay attention to our bodies and can take steps to fix what hurts. Pain also may prevent us from injuring a body part even more. If it didn't hurt to walk on a broken leg, a person might keep using it and cause more damage. If your throat is really sore, you'll probably go to the doctor, who can treat the infection if you have one. Pain itself often modifies the way the central nervous system processes pain, so that a patient actually becomes more sensitive and gets more pain with less provocation. This is called “central sensitization.” (And there’s peripheral sensitization too.) Sensitized patients are not only more sensitive to things that should hurt, but also to ordinary touch and pressure as well. Their pain also “echoes,” fading more slowly than in other people. This phenomenon is usually superimposed over other problems, but it can also occur acutely and be the primary issue, as in complex regional pain syndrome, or amplified pain syndrome, which disporportionately affects everyone. Keywords: Pain, Nociceptors, Substance P, Kallikreins, Kinins, Opioids.

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Abstract

Objective: Depression is a characterized by low mood and lack of activity that can implicit on person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being. Materials and Methods: Equal number (n=6) Swiss albino mice weighing 20-25gm were randomly divided into 4 groups having 6 animals in each group as Control (1% Gum acacia), Standard (Imipramine-10mg/kg), Kampavatari Ras-Plain (KVR-P) (200 mg/kg) and Kampavatari Ras-Gold (KVR-G) (200 mg/kg). Each mouse was administered with respective vehicle / drug one hour prior to experiment. First two minute reading was not recorded but last four minutes activity was noted for mobility and immobility both in forced swim and tail suspension test. Statistical Analysis: Observations are mean ± S.E.M. One- way ANOVA test followed by Post-hoc Dunett’s Multiple comparison. p Results: Mean duration of immobility for the control group was observed to be 141.33±5.5 sec and 164.16±10.54sec respectively for forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The standard (Imipramine, 10mg/kg) showed was 211.83±48sec and 212.5±6.80 respectively for forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Kampavatari Ras-Plain (KVR-P) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed immobility time of 189±48sec and 203.55±6.02 for forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) respectively. Similarly, Kampavatari Ras-Gold (KVR-G) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed immobility time of 210±9.8sec and 193.33±6.7sec for forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test respectively. Conclusion: Kampavatari Ras-Plain and Kampavatari Ras-Gold at the dose of 200mg/kg has shown antidepressant effect when compared to control which is comparable to standard Imipramine in Swiss albino mice.   Keywords: Anti-depressant effect, Forced swim test (FST), Tail suspension test (TST), Kampavatari Ras-Plain, Kampavatari Ras-Gold.

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