Dhaval Jugabhai Parmar

Abstract

Introduction: Etiological link between cervical cancer & HPV is independent of other risk factors but their geographic variations need to be explored. Cervical cancer with profile of Sexually Transmitted Disease has consistent causal connection with persistent cervical HPV infection, so such carrier women are at High risk. Thus, study evaluate risk of HPV infection in women of Jamnagar region by exploring aetiological determinants related to their sexual life. Aim: To explore incidence of cervical HPV infection along with its association with cervical cancer as well with commonly proposed aetiological factors in adult women of Jamnagar Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 2004 on random 110 women attending Gynecology out patient department of GG Hospital at MPSGMC Jamnagar by taking their cervical smear and administering them questionnaires about their sexual life. HPV infection was diagnosed based on cytopathic effects of HPV, by Microbiological staining techniques. Association of cervical HPV positive status of women in relation to common aetiological factors and carcinoma cervix were analyzed. Results: 10.9% of women exhibited cervical HPV infection out of them 20% belonged to higher age group (50-59 years) followed by 16.6% of young age group (20-29). 15.3% of women with HPV infection were having 6 -10 years of active married life. Accordingly 18.18% HPV infected women were multipara - bearing 3 - 4 children whereas nullipara had no HPV infection. 75% of women with carcinoma cervix were positive for cervical HPV which endorse strong causal connections. Conclusions: Study concludes that cervical HPV is prevalent in 10.9% adult women of Jamnagar region and is significantly attributable to cervical cancer. HPV positive woman have profile of sexually active life of initial years, early age at first coitus or had longer but active married life, so sexual transmission happens to be the predominant mode of HPV acquisition. Similarly, multiparity has aetiological association with positive cervical HPV. Study reflects women’s HPV status at single point in time, so longitudinal observations are recommended. However, certain recommendations are made considering associated aetiological factors as guiding principle to derive HPV prevention strategy. Keywords: Cervical HPV, Cevical cancer, STD.

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Abstract

Introduction: Plagiarism is misappropriation of another person’s ideas. But, surprisingly there seems to be significant underreporting. An informal discussion on plagiarism with faculties and Post Graduate students revealed that most of them were not sensitized for it. Hence, Study attempts to explore the status of their knowledge and attitude about plagiarism to build awareness and improve their attitudes to minimize plagiarism. Materials and Methods: Present cross sectional study was conducted at GMC, Bhavnagar (Gujarat) by convenient sampling of Study group in to  faculty (Group A) and Post graduate medical students (group B) while using two (1.To analyze knowledge regarding plagiarism 2.To analyze Attitude toward plagiarism) set of structured, validated instruments. Results of responses collected anonymously from both the groups were appropriately analyzed by statistical methods to yield scientific inferences. Results: Analysis of knowledge of both faculty and students exhibits prevailing disbeliefs about plagiarism (Direct word to word copy-paste is considered as plagiarism by faculty (65%) and P.G. students (70%) although 35% faculty and 38% P.G. students believe plagiarism can be avoided by replacing the words). Their knowledge is deficient about forms & ways of plagiarism as well about secondary citations. Responses revealed that only direct copying of phrases is regarded as dishonest deed. Faculty & P.G students on one hand showed moderate attitude toward plagiarism which mean they perceive plagiarism in the community is fraud. But on other hand both faculty (scored 32.48±6.62) & P.G students (scored 36.21±8.58) showed acceptance for act of plagiarism through moderate positive attitude. Negative attitude of both groups was moderate displaying their tolerance for plagiarism in the community. Conclusions: Present Study revealed that Medical faculty and P.G. students have misunderstandings about plagiarism while their increasing active flaw towards such behaviour due to Internet is likely to increase plagiarism frequency. Thus strong regulations & reinforcements are gravely needed to prevent impending spread & normalization of plagiarism. Keywords: Plagiarism, Knowledge, Attitude.

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