Nandish V S

Abstract

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was described and practiced by Martin and Ellis in 1930. It is a well-accepted procedure and is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and patient management of breast lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC as a diagnostic tool for palpable breast lumps are 65-99% and 96-100% respectively. Therefore, the study aimed to access the cytomorphological spectrum of breast lesions. Materials and Methods: The present study included thirty-seven consecutive female patients of palpable breast lesions who underwent fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). After obtaining a detailed history followed by clinical examination, the FNAC procedure was performed. All the slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E). The stained smears were viewed under microscope and cytological findings were interpreted accordingly. Results: The most common affected age group was 40-49 years with preponderance on right side. Considering the Cytomorphological spectrum, the most common lesion was Fibroadenoma followed by Ductal carcinoma, fibrocystic disease, acute suppurative inflammatory lesion, benign breast lesion, granulomatous mastitis and atypical ductal hyperplasia. The ductal carcinomas were more commonly seen in the age group of 40-49 years and Fibroadenoma were more common in age group of 20-29 years. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology of breast lesions is a valuable, cost effective, minimally invasive and a rapid investigation. Majority of the lesions in the younger age group are benign in nature and malignant in older age groups. Despite its high accuracy, some pitfalls may lead to confusion and misdiagnosis of breast lesions. Therefore, accuracy of diagnosis increases when aided with radiological investigations. Keywords: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) breast lesions Cytomorphology

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Introduction: Colorectal carcinomas are global oncologic problem faced by medical fraternity as it is the third most common carcinoma in men after lung and prostate carcinomas also second in women after breast carcinoma worldwide. 1998 to 2003, and the death rate decreased from 2.8% annually over the period 2001 to 2003. A great majority (98%) of all carcinomas in the colorectum are adenocarcinomas. The cause and pathogenesis of colorectal carcinomas are related to both environmental and genetic factors. Both gross as well as histopathological typing helps in definitive diagnosis and further management of the patient. Materials and Methods: This one year retrospective study included forty-three (43) cases of colorectal carcinomas. All the resected specimens received in the laboratory were immediately fixed in 10% formalin for at least 24 hours. Gross features of specimen were noted and multiple representative sections were taken for routine processing. After detailed study of sections under the light microscope the final diagnosis was given along with disease stage (Dukes classification). The patient details like age, sex, clinical diagnosis were obtained from the requisition forms that were sent along with the specimen. Results: There were total of forty-three (43) patients of colorectal carcinomas during the study one year. Male to female ratio was 1.15:1. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group of 58-67 years. The most common malignancy was adenocarcinoma followed by mucinous carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma. The most common anatomical site involved was rectum. Conclusion: This study concludes that colorectal carcinomas are more common in 5th and 6th decade of life with slight male preponderance. The most common malignant lesion being moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas. The most common location being rectum with highest incidence of Dukes stage B. The histopathological examination remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and further management. Keywords: Colorectal carcinomas, Adenocarcinoma, Dukes Staging.

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Introduction: Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic skin and subcutaneous mycotic infection caused by pigmented or dematiaceous saprophytic fungi. The most common sites being upper and lower extremities following any trauma. This paper reports a rare case of chromoblastomycosis in maxillary sinus. Case Report: The patient was a 34 years old farmer who presented with nasal discharge and epistaxis for the last 15 days. Following examination, the polyp was excised and sent for histopathological examination which was diagnosed as chromoblastomycosis. Conclusion: Chromoblastomycosis presenting as a nasal mass is a very rare entity and is usually mistaken for granulomatous conditions. Histopathological examination along with culture for fungal organisms could aid in the detection of species and effective management. Keywords: Chromoblastomycosis, Maxillary sinus, Copperpennies, Medlar bodies.

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Introduction: Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is the most common form of developmental abnormality seen in infants and children. It is almost always unilateral and slightly more frequent in boys and on the left side. The other associated extra-renal abnormalities include esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal atresia, ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. The routine widespread use of antenatal ultrasonography has led to early detection of this abnormality. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively assessed fourteen cases of Multicystic dysplastic kidney between January 2004 and December 2014. All the cases underwent total nephrectomy and the specimens were sent to the department of Pathology with their respective clinical details and pathological findings were analyzed. Results: A total of fourteen (14) patients were diagnosed with unilateral MCDK over a period of 10 years with no sex predilection. Majority were on left side and antenatally diagnosed. Some patients had associated hypertension, vesicoureteral reflux and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Microscopy revealed renal parenchyma replaced by cysts of variable sizes lined by flattened cuboidal epithelium. Intervening fibrotic stroma with mesenchymal components, primitive glomeruli, nerve bundles and dysplastic ducts. Conclusion: MCDK is mostly a unilateral sporadic anomaly usually found on the left side, however can be familial. It may be associated with hypertension, vesicoureteral reflux and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Most of the patients can be diagnosed antenatally and confirmed on histopathology. Keywords: Multicystic dysplastic kidney, Dysplastic kidney, Cystic kidney.  

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