Dinesh Rao

Introduction: Sudden Natural Deaths are Not Uncommon during Forensic Practice. It is always essential to Analyse the Different Type of Sudden Natural Deaths so as to understand the Prevalence of Disease process in a Region. This retrospective study was carried out at TOMCH&RC, Bangalore during the period 2017-2002. All Autopsy Reports during the Period were closely Documented & Analysed. Aims & Objectives: To study the Contribution of Organ System to Mortality. To study the Age & Se Group affected by Sudden Death in the Region. Results: Most of the sudden deaths belonged to the age group 41-50 years. Sex Ratio of male to female ratio 16.3:1. Cardiovascular Pathology Contributed to 38.47% of Deaths. Central Nervous System contributed to only 3.84% Fatality. Hepatobiliary System was not known to have contributed to Death in this Study. Keywords: Sudden Deaths, Natural Deaths, Cardiac Deaths, CoMorbities, Mortality

Introduction: Head injuries are the most commonly reported cause of Fatalities in majority of the Road Traffic Accidents. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out at Oxford Medical College,Bangalore during the period 2012-2021. All Autopsy Reports on Road Traffic Fatalities, along with Hospital Records were closely studied, Documented and Analyzed. Aims & Objectives: To study the Road Traffic Fatalities and Head Injuries Associated with it, besides the Age and Sex Group Involvement in Road Traffic Fatalities. Results: Head Injuries Contributed to 58.7% of Road Traffic Fatalities. Open Head injuries Formed the Major Type of Injuries in 92% of Fatalities. Motor cyclists Accidents Contributed to 90% of the Head Injuries. Males Contributed to 81.97% of the Deaths. Keywords: Head Injuries., Road Traffic Accidents., Road Traffic Fatalities, Open Head Injury. Motor Cyclist, Pedal Cyclists, Pedestrians, Light Motor Vehicle, Heavy Motor Vehicle

Introduction: Electrical Fatality is not Uncommon in Low voltage and High voltage despite rapid advances in its Transmission and usage. It is essential to understand the Injuries and the manner of Death in all Electric Fatalities. Aims & Objectives: To Understand the Manner of Death, Pattern of injuries, Site of Injuries and Cause of Death in Fatal Electrocution. Materials and Methods: All the cases Electrical Fatalities Referred by the Police for Autopsies were Analyzed & Examined. Results: Electric Fatalities Contributed to 4% of the Autopsies. Major Age Group Affected was 21-40 years in 75% of cases. Males to Females Ratio 14.5:1. Accidental Deaths were the Major Number of Fatalities in 96.8% of cases. Low Voltage Electrical Current contributed to 79% of Fatalities. Right Hand was involved in contact injury in 51.7% of Deaths and in 9.7% of Fatal Electrocution No Contact or Exit Injuries were Present.   Keywords: Electric fatalities, Autopsy, Low voltage, Contact wound, Exit electric wound, Electrocution

Introduction: Railway fatalities are not uncommon due to the wide net across the country covering diverse regions of the nation. It is essential to understand the Injuries Pattern, Manner and Cause of Death. Objectives: To Study the Cause of Death, Manner of Death, Pattern & Nature of Injuries in Railway Fatalities. Matrials and Methods: A retrospective study conducted between 2009 to 2015. A total of 32 cases Reported. All cases referred to the Department of Forensic Medicine for Autopsy by the Railway Police. Results: In the Present Study Railway Fatalities Contributed to 3.9% of the Autopsies. Major Age Group affect were 21-40 years contributing to 75% of cases. Mae to Female Ratio was 6.5:1. Suicidal Deaths Contributed to 75% of the cases. In Twenty Six Cases Body Parts were found in between the Railway Tracks and in thirty Cases Mutilated Parts were Found Distant to the Site of impact.   Keywords: Railway accidents, Railway fatalities, Railway tracks, Suicidee, Mutilated body, Avulsion, Traumatic amputation.

Background: In All Cases of Suspension Deaths, The Study of Ligature Mark form the Important Aspect of External Examination During Autopsy. The Character of Ligature Mark of Self Suspension is not well-defined. Objective: To Understand the Characteristic features of Ligature Marks in suicidal Hanging. Materials and Methods: The parameters studied were gender of victim, Knot Type and Its Position, the ligature mark with reference to its site, level, number, continuity and its Shape. Only Suicidal Hanging were included in the study. Results: In Partial Hanging, The Major Position of the Ligature Mark, in 86% [n-153] cases was across the Thyroid Cartilage and was Nearly Horizontal in the Front. Wheras, In Complete Hanging Majority of the Ligature Mark, 92% [n-420], were situated above the Thyroid Cartilage. In 81% [n-369] of cases of Complete Hanging and 73% [n-130] of Partial Hanging, the Ligature Mark was Incomplete. In 38% [n-68] of Partial Hanging the Ligature Mark was Limited to the Front of the Neck whereas in 13% [n-59] of Complete Hanging it was limited to the Front of Neck. The Petechial Hemorrhages in Ligature Mark due to Complete hanging were Absent. A Slip Knot was used on 97.73% [n-620] of suspensions. In 78% [n-494] of Suspension the Position of the Knot was situated over the [Typical Hanging] Nape of Neck. Conclusion: This Study Highlights the Importance of Characteristic Features of Ligature Mark in Suicidal Hanging, with particular reference to Complete and Incomplete Hanging. The High Number of Cases Studied adds up to the Relevance of the Study. Keywords: Suicidal Hanging, Ligature Material, Asphyxia, Suspension, Slip Knot, Hanging Types, Age, Sex, Typical Hanging, Ligature Mark

Introduction: Decomposition is a Physico Chemical Changes are Naturally Occurring in the Dead Bodies, however there are many Human Factors which Facilitate the Process of Decomposition posing a Challenge to the forensic Pathologist in Identifying the cause of death and Manner of Death. Objectives: To understand the Factors Responsible for Decomposition of Bodies and the Challenges posed to forensic pathologist from Decomposition of Bodies. Materials & Methods: This is a Retrospective Study done on Decomposed Bodies referred for Autopsy, in Two Regions, Jamaica and India ,over a period of Twelve years on 620cases. A Total of 620 cases of Decomposed bodies were Referred during this period of study out of 7456 cases. MalesContributed to 82.6%[n-512] of Decomposition cases. Maximum cases reported were in the 5th to 6th Decade.62.9% of the bodies were recovered from their pace of residence and they were lonely living individuals. in 88.4% of cases the Cause of Death was Natural. In 55.8% cases the Cause of Death were Undetermined due to effects of Decomposition. In 50.6% of Cases the Bodies showed Advanced Stage of Decomposition. Keywords: Decomposed Bodies, Mummification, Adipocere, Natural, Unnatural Death, Undetermined Deaths

Background: The Deaths due to Road Traffic Collision has become a Major Public Health issue, hence Understanding the Deaths and the Factors involved is important to prevent Fatalities and at the same time Prevent Road Traffic Collision in General. The present Study is a Retrospective Study conducted during the period 2013 to November 2020. Results: Road Traffic Accidents constituted 39.35%[n-1168] of the Cases. Males formed the Majority of the Victims contributing to 83.04% of the cases. Majority of the Victims were I the age group 31-40 years, consisting of 422 victims. The least Age Group affected were those below the age 10years and those individuals above the age 70years. Light Motor Vehicle were the Major Contributor to the Accidents, contributing to 46.40%[n-542] of the cases. Head and Neck was the Major region affected in 795 cases. The Maximum Fatality reported were due to Head or Craniocerebral Injuries in 87% of the cases. Abrasions were Present in all the Victims. Majority of the Deaths were due to Traumatic Shock reported in on the Spot Deaths or Brought Dead Victims in 35.45% [n-414] cases. The commonest Cause of Death reported after 07days of Treatment, were Septicemia, Lung infections, Peritonitis, Coma. Conclusions: Craniocerebral Injuries were the Main Contributors to Fatality in 87% of Accidents. Majority of Deaths were due to Traumatic Shocks due to Multiple injuries involved. Importance of Emergency Care is well understood in this study. Keywords: Road Traffic Collision, Pedestrian, Fatal Accident, Light Motor Vehicle, Motorcycle, Head Injury.

Background: Hanging is the most preferred method of Suicide. Individuals are known to use different Ligature material and suspend completely or partially. hence, it is important to understand the Parameters involved in it. Large number of Suicidal death are reported. Objective: To Understand Suicidal Hanging by studying different parameters involved in it like Ligature Material, Type of Knot. Sex and Age Group, involved, kind of Suspension and Position of knot. Materials & Methods: A total of 634 cases were studied Crime scene examination was done only in those cases where their were Suspicion on the Suspension Deaths. Rest of the cases the crime scene photographs and investigating officer records were the inputs. Only Suicidal Hanging were Considered for the Study. Result: Suicidal Hanging contributed to 6.5% of the Total Cases. The Ropes[27%%] and Stole [36%]Contributed to the Most Preferred Ligature Material and Shoe Lace contribute[0.5%] to the least preferred Material for Self Suspension. Complete Suspension was observed in 62% of cases. The Majority of the Victims were Females contributing to 62% of the Deaths. The Major Age Group[50.76%] Involved was between 21-30years and the Uneffected Age group were those in the Extremes of Life i.e 1-10 and 61-70years. A Slip Knot was used on 97.73% of suspensions. In 78% of Suspension the Position of the Knot was situated over the [Typical Hanging]Nape of Neck. Married Victims Contributed to 37.45% of cases. Conclusion: The different Parameters of Suicidal Hanging are necessary to understand the Suicidal Nature of Hanging. Keywords: Suicidal Hanging, Ligature Material, Asphyxia, Suspension, Slip Knot, Hanging Types, Age, Sex, Typical hanging