Sumit Kumar Yadav

Background: Cephalometric norms are extremely useful to the orthodontist for providing guidance during diagnosis and treatment planning. But they are subjected to variability in morphologic characteristics in different ethnic and racial groups. Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 76 subjects of 18-28 years of age with class I occlusion with acceptable facial profile. Standardized lateral cephalograms were taken in a natural head position and analyzed. Results: North Indians exhibit increased facial convexity, greater mandibular prognathism, more obtuse lower face- throat angle and greater amount of upper lip - lower lip protrusion. Males showing larger cranial base length, vertical positioning and length of maxilla, ramal length, and the chin prominence. On dental analysis, females tend to have lesser proclined anterior teeth. Conclusion: The present study was an attempt to provide better knowledge of facial morphology in the North Indians hence a comprehensive treatment planning can be done based on the norms derived for the correction of skeletal discrepancies. Keywords: burrstone analysis cephalometric orthodontist population.

Background: The present photometric study investigated the correlation of buccal corridor and smile width to an esthetic smile and the influence of the facial form on it. Materials and Methods: Standardized photographs of posed smile of 60 subjects in the age range of 17- 25 years were taken. Among those 60 subjects, 3 groups were divided as 20 subjects each in leptoprosopic facial form, mesoprosopic facial form and euryprosopic facial form (according to morphological facial index given by Martin and Saller in 1957). Frontal smile photographs were taken and measurements of maximum smile width, right and left buccal corridor spaces were done according to methodology proposed by Johnson and Smith (1995) using software Corel DRAW X7. Results: As separate evaluation done by orthodontists and lay persons and both of them presented with no differences of buccal corridor width and the total smile width in the esthetic smiles from comparing the percentage between the study groups. Conclusion: Remarkable finding was that the buccal corridor width and total smile width does not alter with the 3 types of facial form and broad faces have a tendency for broader buccal corridor and narrow faces have smaller buccal corridor. Keywords: Buccal corridor, Esthetic, Photometric, Smile width.

Infective endocarditis associated with orthodontic treatment is a rare occurrence. Unfortunately, many orthodontic practitioners do not treat patients potentially at risk of developing endocarditis due to the lack of practical guidelines and fear of precipitating the infection. Additionally, many patients that undergo orthodontic treatment are inappropriately prescribed antibiotic cover for procedures that have a minimal bacteraemia risk. In this paper the literature linking orthodontic treatment and infective endocarditis was examined. The appropriate management were recommended for patients with risk of infective endocarditis during orthodontic procedures. Keywords: Infective endocarditis, Orthodontist, Treatment.

Background: Gender determination of unknown or deceased individual is an important task of forensic sciences. Sometimes, only skull remains are available for identification, in such situations frontal sinus radiographs can be used for gender determination. Objective: The present study was aimed to determine gender among Bihar population using PNS view cephalograph. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 individuals (50-male, 50-female) aged between 20-30 years were included in the study for which height and width of frontal sinus was determined using PNS view radiographs. Results: Significant differences were observed for frontal sinus height and width between males and females. Conclusion: Frontal sinus measurements can be used as a tool for gender determination. Keywords: Forensic, Frontal sinus, Gender, Imaging.

Background: Varying number of lateral cephalometric analyses has emerged to analyse the skeletal relationships of jaw in the sagittal plane which is the most necessitate process in any kind of orthodontic diagnosis. Aim: The present study was aimed to calculate the values of different angles (ANB angle, Wits appraisal, BETA angle, YEN angle, W angle and ASB angle) which further aid to assess the anterior-posterior jaw relationship on selected subjects of the local population of Bihar region. Materials and Methods: The research sample comprised of lateral cephalograms of 90 subjects aged between 18-25 years with equal gender distribution from the Department of Orthodontics, Buddha Institute of Dental Science & Hospital, Patna which were grouping further as Class I, II and III skeletal pattern (each consisted of 30 subjects). Results: Mean values for each angle was derived for Bihar population of all three classes and different angles were compared with other previous studies. Conclusion: Apart from certain regular parameters which showed statistically significant differences between subjects of the Bihar population, a new angle i.e. ASB is also taken into consideration which certainly can help in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Further studies are needed on large scale to establish data for the particular population. Keywords: ANB angle, ASB angle, Beta angle, Wangle, Wits appraisal, Yen angle.

Introduction: The elderly population of India is most neglected of providing dental treatment, reason being their unawareness and other psychosocial problems. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude towards replacement of teeth among aged patients. Materials and Methods: A hospital based survey was done on 150 randomly selected elderly patients who reported to the department of Dentistry. A self designed questionnaire was prepared to enter the required data along with clinical examination of patient. Results: Majority of patients were willing for rehabilitation just to fulfill the requirement of mastication. Esthetics and phonetics part was highly neglected. Patient compliance towards acceptance of prostheses was increased after the motivational program. Conclusion: Prosthodontic outreach programs are needed to spread dental needs and practices among general ageing population specially belonging to rural areas. Keywords: Elderly, Prosthodontic, Questionnaire, Rehabilitation.

Introduction: Edentulous patients are still a matter of concern in countries like India due to less awareness of oral health care. Majority prefer complete denture for rehabilitation but here the primary challenge for a dentist is to satisfy the patient needs with successful management. The objective of the present study was to assess the post insertion complications encountered by complete denture patients and the level of satisfaction among them. Materials and Methods: 100 elderly patients provided with a new set of complete denture for both arches were selected and examined. The data was collected as per the need of customized design questionnaire. Results: Among post-insertion complaints from patients pain was the most common and almost present in more than 50% of patients. Difficulty in mastication and slurring of speech was also one of the major problems reported in denture wearers. Conclusion: Patient satisfaction is a critical determinant in the success or failure of complete denture therapy. A Prosthodontist should communicate well to adjust the treatment and pace according to the need of patient. Behavioral therapy during the visits can have a positive effect in relieving anxiety and pain of the patient. Keywords: Complete denture, Complications, Edentulous, Post-insertion, Satisfaction.  

Introduction: Cleft lip and palate are most common developmental anomaly of head and neck region affecting a great number of newborns worldwide. Further it gives rise to psychosocial and financial strain to the affected family especially in developing countries like India. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of cleft lip and palate is still an enigma and behave as a complex process involving several genetic and environmental factors. Objective: To assess the pattern of cleft lip and palate cases and to analyze if any relation to environmental factors present in Bihar region. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in Government Hospital of Patna, Bihar through evaluating the recorded medical files of cleft lip and palate cases of 5 years duration and self designed data forms were filled. Results: Results were obtained through analyzing the obtained data and were tabulated. Percentage and frequency was evaluated to assess the pattern of incidence of such anomalies. Conclusion: The present study is in favor of conceptualization of multifactorial theory involved in occurrence of cleft lip and palate. Furthermore, it also provides a baseline data for future reference which might help in conducting any researches on this particular area. Keywords: Cleft lip, Cleft palate, Factors, Incidence, Retrospective.

Implant dentistry has a long historical perspective. Its practical implementation started decades ago. Since ancient times, search begins for the rehabilitation of edentulous arches. With continuous development and advancements in all aspects of dentistry a new era of implant dentistry has just begun. An adequate knowledge of bone physiology, implant placement protocol, implant design, single-stage implant surgery, and immediate loading of implants with analytical approach is must for the success of basal implants as treatment modality. The present review article discusses about how basal implants emerged as a treatment option for edentulous arches. Keywords: Basal, Dentistry, Implants, Prosthodontic, Single stage.

Teeth that are compromised secondary to endodontic failure may be salvaged with endodontic re-treatment having doubtful long term survival or a definitive treatment by placing dental implant. Evolution of implant dentistry has occur in innumerable manner since last few decades and also gained vast demand in the field of dental reclamation. Despite that, there is still a lack of patient awareness about the implants as an advanced treatment modality in cases where re-endodontic treatment success doubtful, it results in a lack of their active participation in acceptance of this modality as the option in treatment planning. The aim of this survey was to assess patient awareness and perception towards treatment modalities as re-RCT or dental implants with the help of a questionnaire. A questionnaire consisting of 11 multiple choice questions was used to assess the knowledge and awareness related to dental implants as a treatment option for the patients wanted to replace the severely damaged tooth. A total of 100 participants were selected for the survey to appoint them in the formative study. Percentage was calculated to study the awareness about implants or re-RCT as treatment option for poor prognosis teeth. Majority of patients opt for implant placement due to previous failure of treatment on compromised tooth. Among the selected participants only 21% were aware about dental implants as a treatment choice for rehabilitation of oral cavity. The chief source of information regarding prosthetic options was through closed acquaintance or relatives (74%), and dentists contribute only 26% in this beahalf. Present survey conducted on patients visiting outpatient department of dentistry for oral rehabilitation exhibited that patient’s awareness regarding dental implants was minimal and the patient’s knowledge regarding prosthetic options was depthless. As this was the pilot survey, further study should be conducted with consideration of more variables and with increase in sample size. Keywords: Dental Implant, Questionnaire, re-RCT.

Palatal rugae pattern of an individual may be considered as a practical adjunct for gender determination in identification of an individual for forensic medicine. Palatal rugae possess distinct traits of an ideal forensic parameter like uniqueness, postmortem resistance, and stability. The present study describes sexual dimorphism using palatal rugae pattern. A total number of 200 subjects in the age range of 17 to 25 years were studied with the help of study casts for palatal rugae pattern. Sexual dimorphism was assessed using statistical analysis. The p-value was calculated using Chi- square test. Results showed prominent converging rugae pattern in females as compared to males which showed prominence of curved rugae pattern. Keywords: Dimorphism, Forensic, Palatal rugae.

Sex identification is one of the most important procedures in the forensics. Teeth are a potential source of information in this process. This study describes sexual dimorphism in various parameters derived from the oral cavity. A total number of 200 subjects in the age range of 17 to 25 years were studied with the help of study casts to study the following parameters for sexual dimorphism- mesio-distal dimension of maxillary central incisor, maxillary first molar, mandibular canine, mandibular first molar; cervico-incisal dimension of maxillary central incisor, bucco-lingual dimensions of mandibular canine and mandibular intercanine width. Sexual dimorphism in the various parameters was assessed using statistical analysis. The p-value, specificity and sensitivity of various parameters were calculated and compared. Results showed mesiodistal diameter of upper and lower molars, cervico-incisal diameter of central incisor and canine index were most accurate parameters for determining sexual dimorphism. Keywords: Dimorphism, Intercanine width, Canine index.

Advances in molecular technologies over recent years have a profound impact on diagnostic pathology. These techniques utilize DNA, RNA and enzymes that interact with nucleic acids to understand biology at a molecular level. They will also provide a complementary approach to traditional methods of histopathological analysis in the future. Various molecular techniques are now being widely used throughout the world including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybridization methods, flow cytometry, tissue microarray and laser capture microdissection (LCM). Among these PCR is one of the most common diagnostic modality with high specificity, sensitivity and variety of applications. It will significantly impact three major areas: specific diagnosis, prognosis determination and prediction of response to therapy. Therefore, it has a great potential to become a standard procedure in diagnostic surgical pathology. The application of PCR in the context of dentistry is also presented here, along with the basics of PCR and its fundamental aspects. Keywords: Applications, Dentistry, Inhibitors, Oral cancer, Polymerase Chain reaction, Tumor biology.