Sanjiv Karale

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a significant economic burden because of high healthcare costs for the treatment and its related complications. Chronic hyperglycemia, affect severely our organ systems mainly, cardiovascular, nervous, and renal system. These diabetic complications can progress into morbidity and mortality. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which affects 20–30% diabetic patients, characterized by sustained reduction in end glomerular filtration rate (GFR)and persistently high urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Elevated glucose levels, high blood pressure long duration of diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia can increase the progression of DN. The pathophysiology of DN is mainly due to result of interactions between metabolic and hemodynamic pathways, which are often disrupted in diabetes. Pharmacological approaches for DN mainly include regulation of BP, control of blood sugar level, use of hypolipidemic agents, quitting smoking, diet control, and use of vitamin D receptor agonists. Hence, strategies of treatment like BP control and dyslipidemia control etc. are required to decrease the burden of DN and prevent its progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic nephropathy, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Statins, End stage renal disease.

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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related with severe cardiovascular morbidity and mortality throughout the worldwide. Dyslipidemia, high blood glucose level, and coronary artery diseases are well linked with each other in T2DM and it has been demonstrated that higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in T2DM is due to chronic uncontrolled hyperglycemia. Dyslipidemia, which affects almost 50% of patients with T2DM, is a cardiovascular risk factor and characteristic features of dyslipidemic diabetes are elevated plasma triglyceride level, decline in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) level, and raised level of small dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. An adequate availability of many lipid-lowering agents and nutritional supplements provides novel and effective treatments in control of lipid levels in diabetes patients. Several hypolipidemics, such as statins, fibric acid derivatives, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, are available to target normalization of the entire lipid profile in T2DM patients. This review highlights the prevalence, underlying pathogenesis, patterns and various management approaches of dyslipidemia in patients with T2DM. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular disease, statins, Triglycerides.

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Abstract

The study was intended to explore the potential role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) on cisplatin (CIS) induced neuronal damage in experimental male rats. In the current work, animals were divided into four groups, six animals in each group. Group-1 (Normal) administered with Distilled water 1ml p.o. Group-2 (CIS) was received cisplatin 5mg/kg, ip. single dose. Group-3 (CIS + MOLE 200mg/kg) was orally administrated MOLE 200mg/kg, dissolved in water for 14 days with a cisplatin 5 mg/kg, ip. single dose on 10 day. and Group-4 (CIS + MOLE 400mg/kg) was orally administrated MOLE 400mg/kg, dissolved in water for 14 days with a cisplatin 5mg/kg, ip. single dose on 10 day. After 14 days of MOLE dosing, the rats were sacrificed after anesthetizing with ketamine. Brain of individual rat was excised and processed for evaluation of oxidative injury markers like malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and histopathological study. MOLE treated experimental groups explored a potential (P   Keywords: Cisplatin, Oxidative stress, Neurodegeneration, Moringa oleifera leaf extract, Neuroprotective, Antioxidants, Histopathology

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