Tulika Tripathi

Abstract

Craniofacial development is a sophisticated process which has multiple genetic and epigenetic factors involved. Disturbance in the developmental process can cause morphologic and functional defects, which may also affect the psychological health of the individual. It is imperative for orthodontists to have a thorough knowledge about the growth of the face in general and of the maxilla and mandible in particular, to help modify growth and treat the skeletal malocclusions. Multiple genes have been implicated in the growth of the craniofacial complex, growth hormone receptor gene (GHR) being one of them. Growth hormone plays an important role in the post-natal development of an organism, both skeletal and soft tissue growth. Mutation of its receptor will affect the expression of the gene, and in turn influence the growth. Studies have shown that polymorphisms in the GHR gene receptors affect the morphology of the maxillomandibular skeleton. This article is a review about the polymorphisms of the GHR gene which affect the facial skeletal pattern. Keywords: Growth hormone receptor gene, Craniofacial morphology, Skeletal malocclusion, Growth hormone.

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Abstract

Condylar cartilage has been classified as an articular cartilage. It has been further categorized as a secondary cartilage. This characterization is based upon its delayed development, unique histological features and adaptive capability to external stimuli. This adaptive and remodelling capacity of condylar cartilage to forward positioning of mandible forms basis of orthodontic functional treatment. Molecular and genetic control of epiphyseal cartilage has been well documented. However condylar cartilage has received attention only in last few decades. Condylar cartilage growth has partial genetic and strong epigenetic control. Epigenetic control includes systemic factors and local factors, such as growth factors and mechanical stimuli. Various growth factors and transduction mediators bring about natural development and adaptive remodelling of condylar cartilage. Growth factors are large group of polypeptide molecule which exerts its effect by paracrine or endocrine mechanism. Growth factors can exert various effects depending on the type of receptor it interacts. Depending upon the receptor it can bring about mitotic, hypertrophic or anti proliferative effect. These molecular controls play important role in growth and homeostasis. This article is an attempt to assimilate available knowledge and current concept regarding molecular and genetic control of condylar growth. Keywords: Condylar growth, Remodelling, Growth factor.

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