Sharlee R

Purpose: To study the microbial profile in the cases of keratitis. Materials and Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study conducted during the period of January 2018 to January 2019. Corneal scrapping from suspected case of keratitis were subjected for microscopy and culture. Growth was examined for wet mount, colony morphology from culture tubes and plates, susceptibility of gram negative and gram-positive organism was done according to standard protocol (CLSI 2018). Result: In our study total of 239 samples, 17(7.1%) samples were only Microscopy positive, 69 (28.8%) samples were bacterial culture positive and 43 (17.9%) were fungal culture positive. Organisms isolated from bacterial culture were Staph, Pseudo, E. coli, Proteus, Enterobacter and Klebsiella species. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Microsporum, Curvalaria & Candida spp were isolated from fungal culture. No mixed growth was observed in our study. Conclusion: In our study we found about 28.8% of cases were positive for bacterial growth. Clinicians usually neglect bacterial cause of keratitis, so a good microbiological investigation play major role in management of corneal infection. Keywords: CLSI- Clinical & Laboratory, Standards Institute, Scrapping, Keratitis.

Background: Enterococci are common commensal of gastrointestinal tract of human beings. They stand as one of the major causative agent in Nosocomial infections. Enterococcus has gained clinical importance due to their intrinsic and multidrug resistance. Speciation of Enterococci is important as faecalis being sensitive to vancomycin whereas faecium remains to be resistant, so isolating and treating Enterococcus has become an important task. Objective: 1). To determine the species of Enterococci. 2). To determine the antibiogram of Enterococci. Materials and Methods: A Prospective study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in MIMS, Mandya. Standard protocols were followed for isolating & speciation of Enterococcus. As per CLSI guidelines antibiotic susceptibility testing was done. Results: Out of 42 Enterococcal isolates majority were isolated from urine (59.52%) followed by pus (26.19%), blood (9.52%) and sterile body fluids (4.77%). Enterococcus faecalis were (88.1%) and Enterococcus faecium were (11.9%). Among gender distribution, majority (54.77%) were females and (45.23%) were males. All the isolates were susceptible to Linezolid. Maximum resistance was seen against Penicillin and Tetracycline. Conclusion: The appropriate infection control measures, use of antibiotics prescribed based on sensitivity obtained and avoid the empiric use of antimicrobials by clinicians can prevent the burden of drug resistance in Enterococcus. Keywords: Nosocomial infection, Antibiogram, CLSI-The Clinical and Laboratory, Standards Institute.

Background: Infection control by environmental monitoring plays a significant role in reducing the morbidity and mortality of patients who are victims of hospital associated infections. Many developing countries have reported high postoperative infection rate in their hospital, so regular monitoring of pathogens in the air sample is one of the preventive measure for post-operative infections. This study was carried out with an interest to look for the organisms and the frequency of isolation in air sample and surface swabs before and after fumigation. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted over a period of 12 months from August 2018 to August 2019. Total of 6 OT, two staff room, one washing room were included for settle plate and surface swab method of monitoring for air contaminants and pathogens. Results: Total of 252 settle plate samples were collected over a period of 12 months before and after fumigation, bacillus was major (59%) contaminant followed by pathogens like Pseudomonas (14%), CONS (10%), Klebsiella (7%), E.coli (5%), Micrococci (3%) and Staphylococcus.aureus (2%). Surface swab method- Fungus isolated from AC filter were Aspergillus (78%), Mucor (14%), Rhizopus (6%), Pencillin (2%). Swabs collected from OTs were tested for growth of Clostridium.tetani. Growth was observed in the month of October, February and May. Advised fumigation and through cleaning of OTs with high level disinfectant whenever grown was observed before and after fumigation, results found to be satisfactory and advised to continue with procedures when growth found in RCMB. Conclusion: Regular monitoring of pathogens in the air is one of the preventive measures for postoperative infection. Settle plate method and surface swab method is useful for observing the aerobic and anaerobic growth in operation theaters. Keywords: CONS-Coagulase negative Staphylococci, OT-Operation Theater, AC- Air Conditioner, CT- Clostridium.tetani, RCMB-Robertson’s Cooked Meat, Broth.

Background: Bioflim is a mode of survival for various microbe by which they form aggregates during unfavourable conditions. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial and community acquired infections. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 Staphylococcus isolates were screened for biofilm production by Congored method and Tube method following standard guidelines. Results: Of the 150 isolates, 85(56.6%) were MSSA and 65(43.4%) were MRSA. On Congored agar, 63 isolates showed black colonies with dry crystalline consistency indicating biofilm production. Out of 63 isolates 62% of isolates were MRSA and 38% of isolates were MSSA. Biofilm by tube method, 84isolates showed biofilm production. MSSA were 48.2% and MRSA were 81.53%. Conclusion: MRSA is the significant biofilm producer when compare to MSSA, Congored method is less accurate when compare to tube method as screening test for the detection of biofilm. Keywords: MRSA-Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA- Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Biofilm, Congored.    

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an important cause of illness in humans with emergence of multidrug resistance. Fosfomycin remains to be effective against MDR uropathogens. We evaluated susceptibility of Fosfomycin against uropathoges. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted for a period of 6 months in a tertiary care hospital MIMS, Mandya. Significant bacterial growth were identified in urine samples and processed accordingly. Fosfomycin susceptibility was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method along with other drugs advised as per CLSI guidelines. Results: A total of 893 urine samples were received, 150 samples showed significant growth of one or two organisms, yielding a sum of 162 isolates. Out of 162 isolates with significant growth of organisms, majority were Gram negative bacilli (GNB) accounting for 63.6% (103 isolates) followed by Gram positive cocci (GPC) 36.4% (59 isolates). Out of 103 GNB, ESBL producer were 25.2%, Carbapenamase producer were 1.9%, Amp C were 6.8%, ESBL+ Carbapenamase were 4.9%, Amp C + Carbapenemase were 2.9% and 58.3% were non ESBL, Carbapenamase and AmpC producer. Out of 162 isolates, 156(96.3 %) were sensitive to Fosfomycin and 6 (3.7%) were resistant to Fosfomycin. Conclusions: Fosfomycin is effective against MDR, ESBL, AmpC and Carbapenamse producing uropthaogens. It is an effective, convenient and safe drug for treating the patients of all age group and pregnant mothers with uncomplicated UTIs. Keywords: UTI, MDR, AmpC, ESBL, GPC, GNB.