Sneha Yadav

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos is considered to be a broad- spectrum pesticide. It is a most commonly used kind of pesticides for killing of variety of insects, pest’s worms in agricultural sector. It is easily available in market and is highly toxic in nature. The suicidal cases, accidental cases due to poisoning of chlorpyrifos have been reported in large number due to easy to access for this pesticide. Even though many instrumental techniques like UV, HPLC are available for its identification but the analysis cost is high. In this paper we have detected the chlorpyrifos in human blood by using TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) using different types of solvent system. This technique is fast, reliable, cost effective and less expensive than other sophisticated techniques. Keywords: Pesticides, Toxicity, Chromatography, Chlorpyrifos.

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Abstract

Citalopram is a antidepressant drug, generally prescribed for the treatment of major depression. It comes under the SSRI’s class (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor). It is frequently used off-label to treat anxiety, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder. As per forensic point of view citalopram which is non tricyclic antidepressant is generally prescribed for treating depression because of its undesirable side effects than classical tricyclic antidepressants so they are nowadays more commonly used as the drugs of first choice and therefore the chance of detecting it in the biological materials analyzed in toxicology division is high. Present study has been structured with an aim to test citalopram, present in blood and the comparison of citalopram and escitalopram which are the enantiomers. For extraction of citalopram from blood, sodium tungstate method was used followed by liquid- liquid extraction. The alkaline extract of blood obtained from Sodium Tungstate was used for identification by color tests. Citalopram is basic in nature, but it does not respond to commonly used color test for benzodiazepines/alkaloids. Hence various color tests were performed which were reported in literature out of which marquis & mandelin gives positive result. cobalt thiocyanate has also given positive test for presence of citalopram which can be used in future for testing citalopram. Further the identification of the drug was carried out by thin layer chromatography by various solvent systems. In search for different solvent systems various combinations of solvents were tried and reproducible results were produced. For the separation of citalopram & Escitalopram solvent system Toluene: Acetonitrile: methanol has given the good Rf values and reproducible. Results: Other instrumentation technique, like UV visible spectroscopy, Gas liquid chromatography (GLC), GC-MS was also used for the qualitative analysis. Keywords: Citalopram, Escitalopram, Extraction, Tricyclic antidepressants.

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A set of man-made chemicals that have a tendency to poison insects and mammals are organophosphates. Organophosphates are a broad category of chemicals and are widely used insecticides. Now a days, they have various applications such as in agriculture, home, gardens etc. Dimethoate is an insecticide that falls under the category of organophosphates. Dimethoate is a white crystalline solid with robust odor resembling the form of sand or sugar. It was first produced in 1956 to kill or manage insects such as house fly, termites, etc and various countries use it for farming. We have less knowledge about the levels of dimethoate in the environment as, there are no residues found in soil nor it has been found in drinking water. Insecticides that contain Dimethoate are used on various crops such as cotton, tobacco, olives also on various fruits and vegetables. Rapid and fatal poisoning could be caused if it is inhaled or if it comes in contact with skin. The symptoms include headache, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of coordination and muscle twitching. Individuals with long term exposure to higher levels of Dimethoate are found to suffer from personality changes including- depression, anxiety, irritability etc. These harmful effects could last for months or years in human central nervous system. Developing fetus are also affected due to the inhalation of gaseous Dimethoate by pregnant women. In this review we are going to discuss about the toxicological aspects and properties of Dimethoate and its effects on humans and the future aspects related to this insecticide.   Keywords: Organophosphates, Dimethoate, Insecticides, Mammals

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Abstract

Investigative authorities use forensic anthropology to examine human skeletal remains in order to identify unidentified human remnants. Anthropology alone is the study of man, but also includes culture, language, and physical remains of humans. Forensic anthropology is used to help with the recovery of human remains and to interpret trauma. Asian, African, and European people, as well as the living and the dead, are all of interest to anthropologists. Anthropologists are also fascinated with a wide range of human characteristics, such as their technology, family dynamics, cultures, and linguistic. Forensic otology is a branch of forensic anthropology. The field began in the 19th century. Mathieu or fill published a textbook on measurements of arm bones in 1835. E.A Bertillon proposed an anthropometric system for personal identification in 1885. A branch of physical anthropology is forensic anthropology. In this analysis, criminal cases are solved using skeletal analysis and other archaeology methods. Experts in forensic anthropology focus on examining hard tissues like bones. They are also skilled at locating and recovering buried bodies. In this review we are going to discuss about the ways of identification of a victim by found skeletal remains   Keywords: Forensic, Anthropology, Skeletal, Forensic anthropologists, Forensic anthropology

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