Umar Farooq

Abstract

Background: Candida species are responsible for causing many health care associated and central line associated infections. They are responsible for causing opportunistic infection in human beings. Genus of Candida is composed of a heterogeneous group of organsims.Invasive infections of Candida mainly caused by Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis & Candida tropicalis. Aim and objective: The main objective of this study was to isolates candida albicans and Non- albicans candida and their antifungal susceptibility testing. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, in Tmu Hospital Moradabad. Total numbers of 806 clinical samples were processed in which 206 isolates were taken for candida. Isolation and antifungal susceptibility testing done by Vitek-2 system. Result: Out of 206 samples 77(37%) were C.albicans and 129(63%) were Non-albicans candida (NAC). Maximum isolated species were C.albicans 77(37%), followed by C.tropicalis 70(34%), C. parapsilosis 24(12%), C. glabrata 19(9%), C. dubliniensis 12(6%), C. krusei 3(1%), C.african 1(1%).  Conclusion: Infection caused by NAC species have increased. C.tropicalis was the most common isolated species. Candida albicans, C.glabrata and C.krusei were shown high susceptibility to fluconazole and voriconazole. Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Micafungin and Flucytosine shows high susceptibility towards other candida species. Keywords: Candida species, Non-albicans candida, Antifungal Susceptibility Testing

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Abstract

Background: Malaria is a protozoan disease transmitted by the bite of infected anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria is one of the most serious parasitic diseases of the world affecting 300-500 million people and causing over 1 million deaths each year. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium species in human. 90% of the death from malaria is caused by P. falciparum and vivax. Complicated malaria is associated with multi organ dysfunction. ARF can be the presence of oliguria and increased serum creatinine and blood urea. Objective: To confirm malaria positive case by peripheral blood smear.To determine association of malaria positive case with kidney function test. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of microbiology TMMC&RC Moradabad. The study group comprised of 149 malaria positive cases confirmed by PBS & Antigen card test with serum creatinine and blood urea test. The sample venous blood was collected aseptically from the subjects using 5mL disposable syringes. The blood sample was collected and 4mL was transferred into plain vial for the biochemical assays whereas the remaining 1mL was transferred into EDTA vial for malaria parasite tests.  Result: Out of 1317 suspected cases in which 149(11.31%) samples were positive for malaria in which 140(93.95%) were infected with P. vivax and 9(6.04) were with P. falciparum. Out of 140 cases of P. vivax, 59(39.59%) had got deranged KFT while out of 9 cases of P. falciparum patients 5(3.35%) had got deranged  KFT. Conclusion: It is concluded that kidney function abnormality accounts for 42.18% in malaria positive cases. Keywords: Renal dysfunction, Plasmodium falciparum and, Plasmodium vivax, Mortality.

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Introduction: In order to provide an enhanced communication network, the worldwide infrastructure for mobile phones and telecommunication was developed in 1982 in Europe. In the modern-day scenario, Asia has the fastest growing number of mobile phone subscribers in the world. Around 75% of the world’s adults have the access to mobile phones.Mobile phones may act as fomites and may facilitate the transmission of microorganisms from one patient to another in the hospital during their treatments. These mobile phones are now described as technical Petri dishes where they could play a role in health-related infections as they spread through the hands of healthcare staff. Aim: To determine the microbial contamination from mobile phones of healthcare workers (HCWs). Objectives : To study the microbial contamination of mobile phones used by healthcare workers, Identify the isolated organism. Materials and Methods: All specimens were processed for gram staining, Culture was done for those samples which were showing gram positive or gram-negative organisms on gram stain on different culture plates (Nutrient agar, Blood agar, MacConkey agar). Plates were incubated for 24 hours at 370 C, after 24 hours of incubation the culture plates were examined for growth. Result: We had swabbed the 134 mobile phones of health care workers, working in critical areas out of 134 mobile phones, 132 showed the growth of the bacterial pathogen in a significant amount and 2 were negative, so the overall contamination of the mobile phones was found to be 98.50% and no growth was found to be 1.49%. Conclusion: The most predominant bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in our study. It may be due to MRSA residue in the nose, when it comes to our hand then individuals get exposed to cross infection. The dominance of clinical phones that could be contaminated by different microorganisms inside the ICUs and OTs has become unacceptable. there are no rules and regulation for staff to carry their phone in sterile area like OTs, ICUs. Study showed there is no cleaning guidelines for the mobile of health care workers. Keywords: health care associated infection mobile phone, staphylococcus aureus.

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Background: Dermatophytes are group of fungi that infect keratinized tissue. The group consist of three different genera i.e. Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton, which are distributed around the world. Therefore, the infection of Tinea (dermatophytosis) are one of the most common superficial infections worldwide. Dermatophytes may lead to acute or chronic diseases with high morbidity but not mortality. Aim & Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of dermatophytosis, isolate and identify the dermatophyte from samples of clinically suspected cases. Materials and Methods: A total of 220 patients showing lesions typical of dermatophytes infection from outpatient Department of Dermatology were send to Mycology Unit , Department of Microbiology for the period of December 2018 to September 2019 were studied. Diagnosis was confirmed by conventional methods like microscopic, macroscopic examination and culture. Result: Out of 220 KOH mount 61 (27.72%) were found positive. Culture on SDA there were SDA 61 (27.72%) culture positive, 59 (26.81%) DTM culture positive and isolated spp were T. rubrum 39 (17.72%) and T. mentagrophytes 20 (9.06%). Conclusion : Dermatophytosis are distributed worldwide with the increased incidence especially in a tropical country like India. Several factors such as age, sex, illiteracy, poor hygiene, and social economy influence the dermatophyte infection. This study shows that the epidemiological status of the dermatophytes. Tinea corporis (48.65%) was predominant fungal infection in which dermatophytes were isolated. T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes have been major etiological agents. Keywords: Dermatophytes, Tinea, Superficial mycoses.

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