Kshitija Bhakte

Sialolith is the most common obstructive pathology of the salivary gland. Submandidular glands are most commonly affected in its parenchyma. This case report describes a patient presenting with an unusually large submandibular gland sialolith, where sialography was performed locating the lesion. Etiology, diagnosis and various treatment modalities available for management of salivary gland calculi depending on their site and size are also discussed in this case report. Keywords: Sialolith, Submandidular gland, Sialography

Substance use among children and adolescents is a public health concern in several parts of the world. India has one of the largest proportions of children and adolescents in the world. The demographic base of our communities is rapidly evolving and has intensified the need for an awareness regarding substance buse by teenagers. This subject in the past remained beyond the traditional concerns of a pediatric dentist. Therefore, this review has been carried out regarding the evolving demographics, the proportion of teenagers involved with substance abuse, the rationale for the use of varying elicit substances and the associated symptoms. The series of options for action that can be considered by a pediatric dentist in the care of teenagers using elicit substances and modifications during dental treatment are also included. The population-level interventions to prevent this reckless havoc are also included. The pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of drug dependence are also touched upon. Keywords: Substance abuse, Teenagers, Pediatric Dentist, Adolescents, Stress

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a premalignant condition mainly associated with the practice of chewing betel quid containing areca nut, a habit common among South Asian people. Data from recent epidemiological studies provide overwhelming evidence that areca nut is the main etiological factor for OSMF. Over the years, many classification systems have been documented in medical literature based on clinical, histopathological, or functional aspects. Each classification has its own merits and demerits. An attempt is made to provide and update the knowledge of classification system of OSMF so that it can assist the clinicians, be beneficial in researches and academics in categorizing this potentially malignant disease for early detection, prompt management, and reducing the mortality. Keywords: Update classification, Blanching, Collagen, Fibrosis, Oral Submucous Fibrosis

The specialty of geriatric medicine developed in the 1950s as a response to the particular health needs of frail older people since then the dental care for geriatric patients has been increasing day by day. The treatment and diagnosis of geriatric patient is challenging, as these patient have both systemic and oral problem. There is an escalating demand for geriatric oral healthcare in all developed and developing countries including India. Two-thirds of the world’s elderly live in developing countries. This is a huge population that must receive attention from policy-makers who will be challenged by the changing demands for social and health services including oral health services. Viewing the recent Indian demographic profile and the trends in oral health, pertinent policy subjects have to be discuss concerning the oral health needs of the elderly and also the associated challenges which include strategies to improve quality of life, strategies to train and educate the dental workforce and above all the role of healthcare systems towards realization of better aged society in India and other developing countries. Keywords: Geriatric dentistry, general health, oral health.

Peri-implantitis is a site-specific infectious disease that causes an inflammatory process in soft tissues and bone loss around an osseointegrated implant in function. The etiology of the implant infection is conditioned by the status of the tissue surrounding the implant, implant design, plaque, biofilm and excessive mechanical load. The microorganisms most commonly associated with implant failure are Gram-negative anaerobes, unless the origin is the result of simple mechanical overload. Diagnosis is based on changes of colour in the gingiva, bleeding and probing depth of peri-implant pockets, suppuration, X-ray, and gradual loss of bone height around the tooth. Treatment will differ depending upon whether it is a case of peri-implant mucositis or peri-implantitis. The management of implant infection should be focused on the control of infection, the detoxification of the implant surface, and regeneration of the alveolar bone. This review article deals with the etiopathogenesis, classification, risk factors, diagnosis, clinical features and various treatment options of peri-implantitis and the management of peri-implantitis. Keywords: Peri-implantitis, Implant failure, Bone loss, Soft tissue

A large part of day to day interaction takes place through social media. Social media is the way people communicate, look for and share information among all age groups. Social media has begun to proliferate across the fields of medicine and dentistry also. The use of social media seems to transform the way of interaction between the dentist and the patient and open up new avenues of communication. Aim: To evaluate the willingness to use the social media among patients, dentists, and their networks to advocate and educate about oral health care. To explore patients’ and dentists’ attitude towards social media usage in dentistry and to discover potential opportunities and challenges for dentists to adopt social media practices. Material and Method: A cross-sectional study, Sampling technique: Stratified Random Sample size: 115 dentists, 115 patients. A close ended questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 115 dentist and 115 patients consisting of 10 sets of questions each for dentist and parents. Result: In this study, it was found that 55.38% of dentists were willing to use social media and their network to educate about oral health care and 39.12% parents were willing to use social media for the same. Conclusion: Pedodontists actively use social media to educate about oral health care while use of social media among parents is less. Keywords: Dentist, oral health, social media.

Aim and objectives: To evaluate the behavior changes in children aged 4-6 years and correlate the physiological variations in children and their mothers during first dental visit, and assess the influence of maternal anxiety on child’s anxiety. Materials and Methods: 60 children of 4-6 years accompanied by their mother visiting the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive dentistry for the first time. Frankle’s behavior rating scale was used to record behavior of children. The blood pressure and heart rate was measured with digital blood pressure and heart rate monitor with wrist cuff and oxygen saturation with pulse oximeter and same were used to evaluate the physiological variations in the mother. Result: Significant Changes in systolic blood pressure and heart rate in children(p=0.0001 ,p=0.0001) were observed while waiting and on completion of the procedure Gradual lowering of blood pressure and heart rate after procedure (p=0.0001) Mothers were anxious while waiting and less anxious after procedure (p=0.0001,p=0.0001) Conclusion: Majority of the children exhibited high anxiety initially while waiting.The anxiety gradually diminished after procedure which was observed through their positive behavior. Maternal anxiety was high while waiting which gradually comes down after procedure Maternal anxiety does have some impact on the child’s anxiety at least initially. Keywords: Dental Anxiety, First dental visit, fear, mother’s anxiety, pulse rate

Objective: To identify how the use of internet by patients has influenced the way of imparting Orthodontic treatment and how the Orthodontist themselves make use of the Internet for their own development. Materials and Methods: A survey spanning over a period of 3 months was conducted among 100 Orthodontists and Orthodontic postgraduate students enrolled in Orthodontics 3 years residency program. Data was collected via a questionnaire, sent to Orthodontists and post graduate students through mail. Results: About one half of the orthodontists experienced positive change in attitude of patients seeking information from internet and felt that it is beneficial for continued success of their patients but majority of Orthodontists believed that patient can be misled by internet and it may at times lead to unrealistic patient expectations and dissatisfaction. Conclusions: This study suggests that the impact of the Internet on orthodontics is overall on the negative side, but there is still a long way to go before its potential benefits can be realised. Keywords: Cyberchondria, Orthodontics, Influence

Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude and factors influencing consumption of fast food in 8-12 years of children. Materials  and  Methods:  A  cross  sectional  semi  structural  self  administered  questionnaire  was designed  to  collect  the  data.  Time  bound  enumeration  was  used  to  recruit  the  participants  and  a  total  of 115 school children of age 8-12  years participated in the study.   Results: Of the 115 participants, 78.8% reported daily snacking,84.4% mentioned that the advertisements are lucrative and 60.9% stated that fast foods  are  consumed  due  to  delicious  taste. Conclusion: Most  of  the  children  of  8-12  years  consume  fast food on daily basis. Large percentages of children consume fast food due to television advertisements and delicious  taste  of  fast  food.  Our  findings  suggest  the  need  for  strategies  and  coordinated  efforts  at  all levels to reduce the tendency of consumption of fast food and to focus on balanced diet. Keywords: Fast food, Healthy diet, Advertisement

Objective: To assess and compare the Gonial angle from Cephalograms and Orthopantograms of patients with Class I and Class II malocclusion. Material and Method: A sample of 50 subjects having Class I and Class II malocclusion was selected from patients reporting to Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics. The pre-orthodontics treatment lateral cephalogram and orthopantomogram were used to evaluate the Gonial angle for each subject and also to compare the Gonial angle in Class I and Class II malocclusion. Results: In the present study the mean gonial angle by lateral cephalograom was 127±7.39 and by Orthopantomogram it was 123.24 ±7.77 in Class I malocclusion. No statistically significant difference was found mean gonial angle by lateral cephalogram and orthopantomogram. Conclusion: No statistically significant difference was observed between the gonial angle measured using lateral cephalogram and that determined using the panoramic radiographs. Further there no is statistically significant difference between gonial angle in Class I and Class II malocclusion. Keywords: Cephalogram, Gonial Angle, Orthopantomogram

Aim: To evaluate the acceptance of Dentist, Parents and child to therapy pets, child’s choice of pet and to analyse attitude of dentist towards animal-assisted therapy in the paediatric dental et-up as an aid to improve behaviour of the child during the dental treatment. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 60 children and their parents and 108 dentists. Chi-square test was used to determine the association of independent variables with each of the main outcome of interest. Results: The consent to the presence of pet was given by 56.67% parents (p=0.0359, Significant) Children who chose dog as their preferred pet were 46.67% those who chose cat as their preferred pet were 25% (p=0.049, Significant) Almost 76% Dentist agreed that AAT helps in behaviour management for Pediatric dentist (p=0.0001,S). Conclusion: Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) can prove to be a good behaviour management technique and can be a part of the exclusive Pediatric dental clinic. Keywords: Animal-assisted therapy, Pediatric Dentist

Objective: To evaluate most suitable preformed Nickel Titanium Archwires for ovoid archform which is commonly  observed  in  the  population.   Material  and  Methods:  Sixty  casts  of  mandibular  arches  with ovoid arch form were included of the patients visiting Department of Orthodontics. The buccal and incisal edges  of  all  teeth  on  the  cast  were  marked  by  HB  pencil  on  the  mandibular  study  models  and  were transferred on a sheet of paper. Nickel Titanium archwires of ovoid form of four different companies were compared by matching them with the arch forms obtained from the patients. Results: There is significant difference in the preformed archwires obtained from 4 different companies when compared to the ovoid archform.  The  archwires  used  are  wider  than  the  normal  arch  form  observed.   Conclusion:  Variation  in available preformed arch wires does not entirely cover the range of diversity of the common dental arch form of our population. Keywords: NiTi, Archform, Retention.