Syeda Hajra Fatima

Abstract

Introduction: Endometrial carcinoma is commonly diagnosed gynaecological malignancy in women and the incidence of endometrial cancer and associated mortality rates have increased in recent years. Endometrial hyperplasia is recognized precursor lesion of endometrial cancer and its timely detection offers an opportunity to prevent the development of endometrial cancer. Her-2/neu oncogene amplification has been implicated in the development and progression of many tumours and its overexpression may be involved in tumorigenesis of endometrial carcinoma as well. The present study was aimed to evaluate Immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of Her-2/neu oncogene in Benign and Malignant Endometrial Lesions and its correlation with clinicopathological features in order to define its potential prognostic significance. Material and Methods : A total of 62 cases including 20 cases of endometrial hyperplasia and 42 cases of Endometrial Carcinoma were enrolled in the study. Clinical and pathologic information was obtained and recorded. Her-2/neu expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin embedded tissue sections with Her-2/neu antibody. Overexpression was defined as complete, membrane, moderate to strong intensity staining in greater than 10% of cells. Results: Positive HER-2/neu expression is seen in 45% cases of Endometrial Hyperplasia and in 54.76% cases of endometrial carcinoma. The Her-2/neu overexpression was observed in patients with advanced stage (p Conclusion: In the present study Abnormal high Her-2/neu expression was observed in Endometrial carcinoma, correlating with High FIGO stage, high grade, lymph node metastasis, myometrial invasion and cervical invasion, indicating Her-2/neu expression analysis could be an important prognostic factor of Endometrial carcinoma.   Keywords: Endometrial carcinoma, Endometrial Hyperplasia, HER­2/neu, prognostic factor

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Abstract

A highly infectious outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a new coronavirus - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first officially reported in December 2019 inWuhan, China which spread rapidly worldwide infecting millions of people in many countries. Although most of infected patients are asymptomatic or develop mild symptoms that usually recover with good prognosis, 10-20% of infected people especially old age and those with underlying medical co-morbidity conditions, develops severe disease with multiple organ failure, primarily respiratory failure and death. SARS-CoV-2 infection shares similar genetics, pathogenic, epidemiological and clinical features with two other viruses belonging to same coronavirus family that have caused serious infections over the last two decades i.e SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) and MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) and pathogenesis and immune changes observed in these infections can be applied to this new pandemic in order to learn the imperative role of the immune system during the course of coronavirus infections and possible use of immunomodulatory intervention and immunosuppressive drugs in management of severe patients. As the immunopathogenesis of SARSCoV- 2 infection is still not clear and understanding this underlying mechanism which leads to severe form of disease is important for identifying effective treatment for critically ill patients, this article reviews the immunopathogenic changes observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection and identify the possible mechanisms by which it induces immune changes including cytokine storm, in order to provide a reference for the early clinical identification and management of severe form of COVID-19 infection. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Pathogenesis, Cytokine storm.

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