Priyanka

Abstract

Fingerprints are most affirmative evidence for personal identification found at crime scene. However, its quite tedious and crucial to develop and identify the latent fingerprints from destructive crime scene conditions. Although some may believe that evidence recovered underwater will have no forensic value, but forensic research shows that identifiable fingerprints may still be developed. In this paper, we have discussed that it is possible to develop latent fingerprints from non-porous and porous materials disposed of in muddy water by using different powders available in the home. All the samples were disposed of in containers containing muddy water and then different techniques were used for the recovery of latent fingerprints. In this paper, economical, simple, and easily available powders have been chosen to recover the latent prints on five frequently encountered different substrates i.e., plastic, glass, metal plates, aluminium foil, cardboard, glossy-painted wooden substrates. It is examined that it shows very good and clear results on most of the surfaces with clear ridge characteristics.   Keywords: Latent fingerprints, Substrates, Powder method, Non ­porous surfaces

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Abstract

Fingerprint proof is the maximum dependable and popular evidence inside the legal court in the judicial system. Though fingerprints are identical to all kind of conditions of atmosphere like rain, fire etc., and a huge range with different types of physical and chemical methodologies are needed for the fingerprints development. Criminal offenders always have an essential intention is they plan not to leave any traces at the crime scene. Criminals may have thought that evidences which are recovered under water will have not a single value in the field of forensics, so they consequently try to spoil the strains by throwing items in water sources like ponds or lakes. These constitute a task for the forensic experts to investigate the fingerprints. Under water evidences which are recovered from the scenes where crime occurred, have usually been a venture for the forensic scientists, as water puts different environmental effect at the prints. There are various technical processes which available for the purpose of fingerprint development from various types of substrates like glass, metal, aluminum, plastic, wood etc. on different time intervals like two days, ten days etc. There are strategies for improvement of fingerprints discovered under fresh water. The present examine offers different techniques like SPR, PTC, Black Powder, Cyanoacrylate, zinc carbonate etc. for the development of fingerprints determined under fresh water.   Keywords: Latent fingerprint, Cyanoacrylate, Visualization technique

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Abstract

The population is evolving with time and with evolution there are certain genetic changes going on in humans, and this forms the foundation of polymorphism. In biological sciences the polymorphism implies that there are different allelic variants of one gene in different individuals. Therefore, the meaning of polymorphism directs us to link it to the forensic investigations. In this review we will start with the basics of polymorphism. The various research studies related to different polymorphic enzymes have been explored that have supported or would aid further in forensic investigation. Proteins are an essential part of the humans and other species; therefore, they also are found to have significance in forensic investigations. Examples of proteins are mentioned with suitable examples and their applications in various fields of forensic science. Forensic proteomics is a valuable tool in the field of forensic science, providing a wealth of information that can be used to identify suspects, link evidence to crime scenes, and determine the cause of death. Polymorphic enzymes and proteins have been extensively used in forensic science, as they can provide valuable information for individual identification and determination of biological relationships. The review explores how the polymorphic enzymes such as CYP family of enzymes, Red cell enzymes, phosphoglucomutase can be used to establish individuality and to determine biological stains' origin. Moreover, discussion about how polymorphisms in blood group systems, such as ABO are employed for the identification of individuals and the determination of biological relationships, including paternity testing. The use of these polymorphic markers in forensic science significantly improves the accuracy of individual identification and provide crucial evidence in many criminal investigations. Two case studies are discussed that give good example of how enzyme polymorphism had a pivotal role where even other biological and genetic methods could not help. However, it is observed that the interpretation of the results obtained from these markers must be done with care, considering factors such as population frequency and sample quality, to avoid incorrect conclusions. Keywords: Polymorphism, enzymes, Forensic science, Markers, DNA fingerprinting, HLA, Criminal investigation

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