Zahraa Al Mohsen

Background: One of the greatest causes of death in the globe is tobacco cigarette smoking. Smoking affects hematological markers both acutely and chronically. The current study's objective was to evaluate the severity of the negative effects of cigarette smoking on biochemical traits in healthy smokers. Materials and Methods: This study included 280 participants, only 56 smokers and 100 non-smokers. They were smoking for three years, the smokers regularly smoked 10 to 20 cigarettes per day. The fully automatic hematological analyzer CELL-DYN 3700 examined the total number of blood cells. Results: White blood cells (p0,001), hemoglobin (p=0,042), mean corpuscular volume (p=0,001), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (p0,001) were all considerably greater in the smokers. No other measured metrics varied considerably from one another. Red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were all significantly higher (p0,001) in male smokers compared to female smokers after smoking cigarettes. Conclusion : Our study concluded that smoking cigarettes continuously has severe negative effects on hematological variables, including hemoglobin, white blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, and hematocrit. These modifications may be linked to an increased risk of polycythemia vera, atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and/or cardiovascular diseases.   Keywords: Hematological parameters, Cigarette smoking, Healthy people

Chitosan nanoparticles have expanded growing attention for Nano-medicine, development of new therapeutic and biomedical engineering with improved availability, increased specificity, and compact toxicity. The present study aim to synthesis and characterize inhalation of chitosan nanoparticles for antimycobacterial supply to the lungs. The ionic gelation method followed spray drying was used for chitosan nanoparticles development. The results showed that the obtained particles had a spherical smooth shape with an average size of 255 ± 3.5 nm. Post nebulization drugs were detected in numerous organs (lungs, spleen and liver) till twenty four hours. A single dose of drug-loaded had a chemotherapeutic efficacy more effective against the mycobacterium than other available drugs. Keywords: Biosynthesis of chitosan nanoparticle, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis pulmonary drug.

Background: The (n-COVID -19) novel coronavirus 2019 has been recognized as a highly pathogenic virus that infects the human respiratory tract and has high morbidity and mortality. The n-COVID -19 is an enormous burden on health-care facilities, causing approximately 2.1% mortality so far. Countries globally are at risk of developing pneumonia due to this novel Corona Virus. The surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases reached over 100 countries with more than 100,000 cases. The disease is fast spread among human, due to the assessment of transmission methods still not clear. Infection prevention control measures are essential in medical institutes. A poor understanding of the disease among academic and nonacademic employees may result in delayed treatment and the rapid spread of infection. This study aimed to investigate and assess the level of preparedness, knowledge, and perceptions of the medical institute employees about COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, web-based study was conducted among academic and nonacademic employees about COVID19 during the period from July to August 2020. The actual preparedness level of medical institutes can be determined by examining academic and non-academic employees’ perceptions. A 33-item questioner survey instrument was developed and distributed using employees’ email; it required 5 minutes to complete. A questionnaire survey concerning the perceptions of risks and countermeasures and knowledge about novel coronavirus 2019 was distributed at different Medical institutes. A chi-square test was used to investigate the level of association among variables at the significance level of p Results: All participants completed the survey. Seventy-five valid questionnaire responses were received and analyzed. After adjusting for sex, specialty, Qualification, and years of experience, knowledge of preventive measures (K-scores) in the medical institute, institutional measures (I-scores) were found to be more indicative of the level of preparedness across the institution. Conclusion: As the global danger of COVID-19 continues to emerge, it is critical to improving the knowledge and perceptions of academic and non-academic employees. Educational interventions are urgently needed to reach academic and non-academic employees beyond borders. Substantial differences in emergency infection prevention and control measures, as perceived by academic and non-academic employees exist in a medical institute. Furthermore, to achieve a higher level of preparedness for prevention and mitigation for infectious diseases, Medical institutions should designate and implement effective mitigation guidelines of COVID -19 at Academic Medical institute. Keywords: Coronavirus, COVID19, Knowledge, Perceptions, Questionnaire, Infection control, Occupational health.

As microbes are massively risky and have gotten to be safe to about all advertised anti-microbials. Withinthe period of anti-microbial resistance, antimicrobial of natural origin give an successful and cheap alternative for combating resistant strains of Gram negative microorganisms which induce pneumonia e.g. (P. aeruginosa) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and (K. pneumoniae) Klebsiella pneumoniae. Cefotaxime is an antimicrobial used in control and treatment of anaerobic bacteria which may be administered with Gentamicin within the treatment of blended contaminations caused by anaerobic and oxygen consuming living beings. Combination treatment has corresponding components of activity. Gentamicin is bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic used mainly against Gram negative bacteria. Allium sativum in garlic extract has been known to have inhibitory action & and valuable as helpful specialist against numerous pathological diseases. Expanding Multidrug resistance of pathogens strengths to discover elective strategies for treatment of irresistible infections. Methods: Ethical approval: Protocols were approved by the IRB of the Scientific Research Unit (SRU) at Inaya Medical College (IMC) RIYADH (KSA) Results: In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial presented effect for combination of antibiotics and FGE for fourteen days. Indicated a significant (p < 0> homogenate. Our data showed that FGH combined antibiotics could protect the liver and kidney against the histopathological and histochemical changes by blocking oxidative damages in addition to restorement of the antioxidant enzymatic profile. Conclusion: FGE displayed the best effect on administration one hour before gentamicin and cefotaxime due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Moreover, the potential use of FGE as a prophylactic agent against multi drug resistant bacteria. Keywords: Pneumonia related infections, Gentamicin, Cefotaxime, Garlic, Histochemical and histopathological.

Objectives: There is an existing outbreak of a Novel coronavirus (CoV), pandemics, which discovered from Wuhan in China and has now spread to more countries Accordingly, to provide an impression of the major deadly three coronaviruses and recognize areas for improvement of future action plans preparedness, as well as provide risk assessment plan for stopping their spread and implementing learned lessons from the coronavirus outbreaks. Materials and Methods: Transparency, Preparedness, and sharing of information are crucial to risk assessments by Utilizing an inclusive review of literature, Comparisons between the information obtained regarding clinical signs, treatment and diagnosis, spread, prevention measures and risk factors for (MERS) (SARS) and (CoV) were made. Results: Insufficient risk assessment concerning the urgency of the situation, led to the fast spread of (CoV) throughout China. (CoV) has spread more quickly compared with SARS and MERS. Due to its worldwide spread. Conclusions: The new study accomplished that we cannot learn a lot from the two previous epidemics of corona infection and were ill-prepared to deal with the (CoV) pandemic. Upcoming studies should challenge to report the uses and implications of internet of technologies for tracking the spread of infection. Keywords: KSA MERS, SARS, Novel Coronavirus, Wuhan, Virological diagnosis.

Medical education has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, driven by technological advancements and a growing emphasis on learner-centered approaches. This descriptive literature review aims to explore modern techniques of teaching and learning in medical education. The review synthesizes relevant literature to provide an overview of innovative instructional methods, such as simulation-based training, flipped classrooms, problem-based learning, and digital platforms. Furthermore, it discusses the benefits and challenges associated with these techniques and highlights the need for faculty development to effectively implement and integrate them into medical curricula. The findings underscore the importance of embracing modern teaching approaches to enhance the learning experience and prepare medical students for the complex healthcare landscape.   Keywords: Teaching and learning, Medical education

Background: The quality of the occupied population can be raised through education. People are actively looking into more effective teaching methods to increase the impact of their educations. Materials and Methods: The flipped classroom model is an innovative teaching methodology that involves the problem of traditional instructional methods, where students are exposed to lecture materials and content outside of the classroom through pre-recorded videos, readings, or online resources, while in-class time is dedicated to interactive activities, discussions, and problem-solving. Result: The study employed a comparative strategy, comparing student performance and engagement in a traditional classroom setting versus a flipped classroom setting. The research also sought to gather insights from students regarding their perceptions and experiences with the flipped classroom approach. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the flipped classroom model positively impacts student learning outcomes and enhances student engagement and participation. These results provide valuable insights for educators and representatives looking for to implement innovative teaching methodologies. This research study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the flipped classroom approach on student learning outcomes.   Keywords: Traditional student erudition, Flipped classroom, Comparative study, Teaching procedures, Engagement, Student observations.