Saqib Ahmed

The ectopic Salivary Gland is the presence of salivary tissue in unusual locations which do not normally host it. Moreover, neoplasms arising from these ectopic tissues are very rare, however, tumourigenic changes in these inclusions have been observed in a few cases.We present a clinically unsuspected case of an ectopic salivary gland tissue present on the mid-neck, which was diagnosed as Small lymphocytic leukaemia outside Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh. On further evaluation, a definitive diagnosis of epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma arising in ectopic salivary gland tissue within the cervical lymph node was made. Therefore, these tumours need to be included in the differential diagnosis of neck masses, for a prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment.   Keywords: Ectopic rests, Lymphoma, Epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma.

Introduction: Spectrum of lesions occur on the vulvar/vaginal regions ranging from non-neoplastic to precursor lesions to malignancy, however, these lesions presents with non-specific symptoms due to which they get unnoticed and progress. An early histopathologic examination is of paramount importance for a rapid diagnosis and initiation of treatment. Thus this study was done to study the clinicopathological spectrum of vulval and vaginal lesions with an emphasis on precursor and malignant lesions. Materials and Methods: Present study was a five-year retrospective study including all the vulval and vaginal specimens that were sent for histopathological examination. Results: A total of 66 cases were studied ranging from non-neoplastic to malignant lesions. Maximum cases were found in the fourth decade. The most common presenting complaints were found to be ulcers, pain and nodular growth. Amongst the non-neoplastic lesions, Bartholin cyst (12.1%) was the most common lesion. Vulval/vaginal intraepithelial Neoplasia II was found to have a slightly more occurrence than VIN I and III. Neoplastic lesions formed the bulk of cases with moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (18.2%) being the most common diagnosis. Conclusions: Early identification and histopathological diagnosis are essential for recognization and its further categorization to initiate an early and proper treatment.   Keywords: Vulvar/vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, Vulvar/ vaginal lesions, Squamous cell carcinoma.

Pigmented squamous cell carcinoma is one of the rare variants of squamous cell carcinoma accounting for 0.01 to 7% of all squamous cell carcinomas. We report a case of pigmented SCC over right pinna in a 45-year-old Indian male presenting with a brownish ulcero-fungating growth which on histopathological examination revealed atypical squamous cells with intracytoplasmic melanin pigment and interspersed basal and suprabasal melanocytes and a final diagnosis of pigmented squamous cell carcinoma was made. Ruling out the differential diagnosis is essential for both the clinical and pathologist for an accurate diagnosis and early management of the patient.   Keywords: Squamous cell carcinoma, pigmented, pinna

Introduction: The diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenopathy can be made by FNAC combined with staining for AFB along with newer methods like GeneXpert assay. India carries one of the largest burdens of TB accounting for twenty-seven per cent of worldwide cases. Objectives: To evaluate the role of cytopathology, AFB staining and GeneXpert assay in the rapid diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenopathy along with the usefulness of GeneXpert assay in the diagnosis of indeterminate aspirates. Materials and Methods: A total of 372 patients presenting with lymphadenopathy and clinical suspicion of a tubercular aetiology were included in the analysis.183 patients (56%) were adults (20-59 years) followed by 66 patients (20%)in the paediatric age group. 189 were females(57.3%) and 141 were males (42.7%). The cervical group of lymph nodes were most commonly involved (66%).69.1% were AFB positive in 201 smears with features favouring tubercular infection (positive cytology) which increased to 183 (91%) when GeneXpert Analysis was done, while 72 cases (55.8%) were AFB positive on cases with indeterminate cytology which showed an increment to 108 cases (83.7%) on the application of GeneXpert. Conclusion: FNAC combined with ZN staining and GeneXpert has a much higher diagnostic accuracy, GeneXpert further prevents underdiagnosis and enables rapid and accurate diagnosis in cases with indeterminate/inconclusive FNAC and ZN staining. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Ziehl Nelson Staining, FNAC, GeneXpert Mycobacterium Rifampicin (MTB/RIF) Assay, Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB), indeterminate cytomorphology

Introduction: Breast carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies affecting women in developing countries. It is divided into several subtypes, including triple negatives. TNBCs are found to have an aggressive behaviour and have a metastasic potential leading to an overall poorer prognosis. Aims and Objective: The aim was to study the clinicopathological profile of TNBC pateints including parameters like age, site, tumour size, histopathological type, histologic grade, lymphovascular invasion and nodal invasion and TNM Staging was done to study the overall prognosis. Materials and Methods: A four year retrospective study was conducted on ninety seven cases of breast carcinoma which were further classified based on immunohistochemical staining into four subtypes. The clinicopathological details and the histomorphological features of these patents were studied. Results: Of the 208 cases, 97 cases were diagnosed as TNBC. The average age at presentation was 45 years. Most of the cases showed Nottingham Modification of Scarff Bloom-Richardson (NMBR) grade 3 (66%) and stage II (50.7%). Lymph node metastasis and Lymphovascular invasion was seen in 62% and 24.7% of cases. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (not otherwise specified) type (94.8%) was the most common histological type. Conclusion: TNBC have an aggressive behaviour compared to other subtypes with higher SBR grade. Lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis.   Keywords: Aggressive behaviour, Estrogen receptor, Her2­Neu, Progesterone receptor