V Rama Raju

This study presents a noise-removal technique for the microelectrode signals of subthalamic-nuclei (STN) neurons acquired by MER machine through electrical stimulations with subthalamic-nuclei deep brain stimulation/or stimulator (STN-DBS) in local field potentials (LFPs). We proposed a novel method for the removal of induced stimuli-artifacts triggered by pulse-generators differed in typical LFPs (low-frequency potentials) signals. The method is processed and tested for accuracy and computed for execution in vitro-states. Results indicated that the stimulus-artifacts are well suppressed by this method. And also it is tested in vivo-states of Parkinson’s disease (PD) subjects (patients). It is applied to process signals of LFPs gathered intra operatively from PDs to preliminarily explore quantitative dependencies-of beta-band synchronous variations within STN, DBS parameters (stimulus-intensity, stimulus-voltage, frequency, and amplitude pulse-width). Findings showed that the DBS process can overcome excessive beta-frequency (30Hz) activity plus that the degree of reduction rises with increasing DBS current in the range-of 1-3Volts then boosting stimulus-frequency within a range of 60-120Hz. The method offers scientific-research and technical support for exploring the instant effect by induced electrical stimulations in the Parkinson brain activities and it can be utilized as a research tool in the future technologies.   Keywords: Deep brain stimulation (DBS), Local field potential (LFP), Microelectrode recording (MER), Noise removal, Parkinson's disease (PD), Subthalamic nucleus (STN)

This study discuss the analysis of a real-time multi channel microelectrode recordings of rats with computational simulation and mathematical statistical modeling’s. If the impedance-of every site of neuro-sensor, i.e., electrode is fairly at a low level as well as the gap between sensor-sites is applicably very very minute, a spike-generated and also computed by a neuron is asynchronously/concurrently gathered at multi neuro-sensor/electrode locations in conjunction with distinct stimulus-intensities, i.e., amplitudes (stremgth of the signals).   Keywords: Burst-spike-detection, Collision-test, Elastic-template, Hierarchical-clustering, Multi channel recording

As part of a cross-sectional investigational study, the Research capability and culture and customs (or ethnicity, RCC) tool was governed to RHPs operational in health-service to determine self-reported investigational-study (research) capability and customs athwart association, the team, plus entity domains (areas and fields), together with obstacles to and motivators for accomplishing the investigational-study/research. We performed exploratory P C A technique/ PCA-based method to detect and discover the key-components, i.e., first, second and third principal components (PCs) persuading research-capability and customs/culture in each of the three domains, and the findings were contrasted by means of the results of a earlier-study done in a large health service centers. In this study, we found modest-levels of research-capability and custom-culture athwart transversely all domains, through top-scores (median, and I.Q.R.) detailed for the association-domain (7, 5–8) evaluated to the Team (6, 3–8) and entity domains (5, 2–7). 2 PCs were recognized in every-domain. The PCs in the association-domain incorporated research-culture and research-infrastructural-resources; components in the team areas and fields were incorporated “valuing and distributing the research plus sustaining the study-research; also components in the entity-domains integrated skills for conducting-research and skills for probing (purging/or-greping) and critiquing the literature. The PCs were found to be exceedingly linked by each-other, through connections amid PCs in every-domain-field ranging from 0.460 to 0.703. Our findings reinforce/strengthen the call for an integrated entire-system approach to research-capability and structuring-building. The constant asset in tailored-support plus infra-structure is necessary to uphold recent-areas-of-strengths plus construct on known-areas-of-flaw at the level of associations, teams, followed by entity RHPs, also thought must too be agreed as how to hold athwart transversely these three levels was incorporated. Keywords: Association, Entity, Infrastructural ­Resources, Study ­Culture, Research­ Culture

More than 15 million seizure-epileptic subjects (patients) do not respond to medication globally. Surgery necessitates thorough elimination or separation of the epileptic-seizure onset zone (ESoZ), regions of epileptic brains where seizures derive (come from). Sadly, the success rates of operation differ amongst 32% and 72% and this is due to clinically and hence prognostically no authenticated or substantiated (i.e., corroborated) biological or physiological indicator of the ESoZ exists. We discuss, as well as confirm a new electro encephalography indication neural vulnerability in a retroactive study of 90 subjects (patients) by applying neural instability of the interpreted ESoZ as a metrical to expect operational (invasive) results in retrospect (retrospectively). Susceptibility expects (43/47) surgical (invasive)-failures, as well as a total likelihood precision of 76% assessed through the precision of neuroscientists at 48% (positive-results).   Keywords: Seizure-Epileptogenic zone (SEZ), Cost-of-care (CoC)

Parkinson`s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative brain disease with distinctive molecular, functional and structural features causing tremors, particularly in the old-age (>=60) and very rarely occur in adults and in children’s too due to the damage of the substantia nigra of central nervous system (CNS) and is differentiated by the convolution of cardinal motor symptoms (tremor, Bradykinesia/akinesia (slowness of movement, i.e., absence, delay in initiation), rigidity followed by the postural-instability. In addition these motor symptoms, cognitive motor and axial symptoms, such as cognitive impairment, cognitive dementia, hallucinations, shaking the whole body and changes in the speech like slurred speech, etc., and also affect the Parkinson`s malady due to the L-dopa (levodopa acts like a pre cursor to the dopamine, a panacea which reduces the symptoms but there are dyskinesia`s, i.e., side effects to the patients). By the clinical/prognostic diagnosis followed by the advantages of stimulations with the deep-brain-stimulators (DBS) in subthalamic-nucleus (i.e.,S.T.N, or s-nucleus) that have been established. But then, exactly in what way, by what means, in what manner, how exactly the mechanisms of DBS progression of motor-symptoms mainly reducing the tremors and motor fluctuations and then restoring and thereby increasing the motor functioning have not been fully elucidated. We implanted the DBS microelectrodes (DBS-innocuous-microelectrode stimulations), and also lead macroelectrodes (DBS-innocuous-lead macrostimulations) and find that the micro electrode recording (M.E.R) method provides validation of precise setting of innocuous micro electrode and guarantees exact exposure to the S.T.N neurons and confines and establishes its exact co-ordinates in a new empirical way.   Keywords: Correlation, Mean, variance, Deep brain stimulations, Micro electrodes, Micro electrode recording, Parkinson disease, Sub thalamic nucleus

This study was conducted at a medical university tertiary care hospital and research center of dedicated Parkinson and movement disorders unit in Hyderabad (South India) with a purpose to optimize projection of STN by applying M.E.R patterns analytically. 52 locally anesthetized Parkinson`s (diseased subjects/patients) underwent bilateral S.T.N-D.B.S. Concurrent M.E.R signal recording was done in a Ben’s-gun pattern setup with a 5core-pentode (5microelectrodes were set in an array scenario). Using spikes and circumstantial (or contextual) background-activity dissimilar parameters plus their phantom estimates in various-frequency-bands which include low-frequency(2Hz–7Hz), :Hz–12Hz, (sub-divided as low-) and superior :21Hz–30Hz and :31Hz-49Hz were computed. The ideal electrode implantation through better clinical-effect/dyskinesia ratio given to the peak spike-rate(S.R) in 86% of the implant. The amplitude mean-background activity in low-chucked frequency-range(FR) was analogous to right depth in 86% and right-hemisphere position in 95% of the implantation.   Keywords: Deep brain stimulation, Local field potentials, Microelectrode recording Parkinson`s disease, Microelectrodes, Single­unit recording, Sub thalamic (or Subthalamic) Nucleus

Multineural spikes were acquired with a multisite electrode placed in the hippocampus pyramidal cell layer of non-primate anesthetized snitch animals. If the impedance of each electrode-site is relatively low and the distance amongst electrode sites is appropriately miniatured, a spike generated by a neuron is parallelly recorded at multielectrode sites with different amplitudes. The covariance between the spike of the at each electrode-point and a template was computed as a damping-factor due to the volume conduction of the spike from the neuron to electrode-site. Computed damping factors were vectorized and analyzed by simple but elegant hierarchical-clustering using a multidimensional statistical-test. Since a cluster of damping vectors was shown to correspond to an antidromically identified neuron, spikes of distinct neurons are classified by suggesting to the scatterings of damping vectors. Errors in damping vector computing due to partially overlapping spikes were minimized by successively subtracting preceding spikes from raw data. Clustering errors due to complex-spike-bursts (i.e., spikes with variable-amplitudes) were prevented by detecting such bursts and using only the first spike of a burst for clustering.   Keywords: Burst spike detection, Collision test, elastic template, Hierarchical clustering, Hippocampus, Multichannel recording, Multiple single neurons, Multisite electrode, Overlapping spikes, Spatial damping factor, Spike sorting, Template matching

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a highly effective treatment for motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Sub thalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) is a therapeutic surgical procedure for reducing the symptoms Parkinson’s and restoring and increasing the motor functioning. However, precise intraoperative edge or perimeter detection of STN remains a procedural challenge. In this study, we present the micro electrode signals recordings (MER) of STNs and local field potentials (LFPs) were acquired from deep brain stimulation macro electrodes during trajectory towards STN, in Parkinson patients. The frequency versus intensity atlas of field potential activity was obtained and further than investigated in distinct sub band’s, to explore whether field potentials activity can be employed for STN edge detection. STN perimeter detections by means of L F Ps were evaluated to edge predictions by way of the functional stereotactic DBS neurosurgeon, based on micro electrode derived, single unit recordings (M E R – S N A of S T Ns). The findings show variation amongst M E R – S N A and macro electrode L F P-signals gathering through MER-system pertaining to the d o r s a l S T N b o r d e r of -1.00±0.85mm plus -0.42±1.08 mm in the and frequencies, correspondingly. For these sub band`s, root mean square of the voids was found to be 1.27milli meters and 1.07milli meters. The Assessment of other sub band`s didn`t set a limit for differentiating the posterior (c a u d a l) point of sub-thalamic nuclei. We may infer that In conclusion, macro electrode signal acquisitions of STNs derived L F P gatherings might offer an unconventional methodology in the direction of m e r – s n a, for detecting the aimed target subthalamic nucleus borders during DBS-surgery.   Keywords: Deep brain stimulation, microelectrode recording, macro recording, macrostimulation, Parkinson`s disease, Subthalamic Nucleus