Kaina Bhonsle

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is most frequently found bacterial infection in urinary tract of human beings and 75-95% of urinary tract infections are caused by uropathogenic E. coli. The uropathogenic bacteria produces several virulence factors, siderophore is one of them. Siderophore is iron acquisition protein and play significant role in pathogenicity of UTI’s by helping uropathogenic bacteria to persist in urinary tract of host cells in adverse conditions. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at SRL laboratory in Ujjain Center from November 2018- October 2019. Midstream urine sample of suspected UTI patients were collected and E. coli was isolated and identified using standard microbiological procedure and after incubation, growth was observed. Colonies more than 105cfu/ml were considered as significant for UTI and detection of siderophore production in E. coli uropathogenic bacteria was done by using Chrome Azurol Assay (CAS). Results: Out of 200 collected urine sample in 120 urine samples uropathogenic E. coli bacteria was identified and isolated. Among 120 isolates of E. coli siderophore production was observed in 48 isolates of E. coli, and their percentage was 40%. Conclusion: Iron acquisition protein or siderophores are a major virulence factor necessary for pathogenesis of UTI caused by E. coli and CAS assay is the most efficient method for detection of siderophore production in uropathogenic E. coli.   Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Pathogenesis, Virulence factor, Siderophore, E coli.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial disease found in all age groups and has become a major health problem in developing countries. UTI’s are treated with various antibiotics but extensive and inappropriate use of antibiotics promotes the development of antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic bacteria and also responsible for emerging multidrug resistant strains. The development of drug resistance among uropathogens made treatment of UTI is difficult which has led to the search of new source of antimicrobial agent that act against these uropathogenic bacteria. The ethnomedicinal plants are natural resource and known as traditional healer, which can use for successful therapy of various infectious diseases. In present study, we observed antibacterial potential of methanolic root extract of two medicinal plants and against urinary tract infection causing uropathogens. For this 120 urine samples of suspected patients were collected from different hospitals of Ujjain and processed in SRL laboratory Ujjain Center. It was seen that 72 samples were positive and showing significant bacteriuria and prevalence of UTI was 60%. The major causal bacterial agent was , and and their frequency of occurrence was 37.5%, 25%, 15.2%, 13.8% and 9.7%. The antibacterial effect of methanolic plant extracts of both and was determined against isolated uropathogens by disc diffusion method. The effectiveness of both and was observed and it was found that they have effective antibacterial activity against uropathogens so they can be used as alternative drug against uropathogens.   Keywords: Escherichia coli, Ethnomedicinal plants, Antibacterial effect, Healer, Plant extracts

Urinarytract infection is one of the most prevalent frequently found disorders in pregnant women caused by bacteria and if it is not diagnosed then untreated UTI can causes serious maternal and fetal complications. The purpose of this work was to study the prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women of Ujjain and to identify uropatogens and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in pregnant women of Ujjain. A total of 120 midstream urine samples of pregnant women were collected aseptically and cultured on different growth media. The isolated bacteria were identified by standard microbiological procedure and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was recorded using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of 120 urine samples, 78 samples tested positive for UTI suggesting that (65%) of pregnant women suffered from UTI and most prevalent bacterial pathogen was (41.0%) followed by (23.0%), (11.5%), (14.1%) and (10.2%). Majority of the isolated uropathogens were showing high sensitivity towards Doripenem, Meropenem and Imipenem while very less sensitivity towards Ampicillin and Penicillin. The study shows high prevalence of UTI among pregnant women and occurrence of high resistance towards antibiotics. So routine screening of the pregnant women having UTI and proper selection of antibiotic for treatment is needed for reducing the risk of serious complications during pregnancy. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Prevalent, Pregnant women, E coli, Antibiotic

Background: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infectious disease found in all population and has become a major health problem. The urinary tract infection also affects pediatric population especially in the age group of 0-5 years. Aim: The aim of this study to find out prevalence of UTI in children, its occurrence in different gender and seasons along with identification of causative agent of UTI in children in Ujjain. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in SRL laboratory Ujjain center and total 881 suspected patients urine sample were collected and tested by conventional methods for prevalence of significant bacteriuria. Results: It was seen that 550 samples were positive and out of these, positive case 111 belonged to children of 0-5 years of age. Thus, 20.18% positive cases were of children. The percentage of UTI in female children was high (54.0%) while in male children it was low (45.9%) and high number of cases were recorded in rainy season (39.6%), followed by summer and winter seasons which were (34.2%) and (26.1%) respectively. The six major uropathogens present in urine sample were isolated and identified and among them, four were gram negative in which E. coli, K. pneumonae, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis were gram negative while and S. aureus and E. faecalis were gram positive UTI causing bacteria in children. Conclusion: In our study frequency of E. coli was highest (60.3%) while S. aureus was present in very low frequency (3.6%) so the prevention of UTI in children should be done by proper care of children by mothers.   Keywords: Escherichia coli, Prevalence, Pediatric group, Uropathogens, Frequency.

In recent year’s lots of research has undergone on human intestinal microbiota, and we are beginning to extend our knowledge regarding role of bacteria, fungi, viruses and helminthes which are present in our gut and their role in human health and preventing diseases. Millions of live Microorganisms that present in gastrointestinal tract are called as probiotics that influence physiology, nutrition, metabolism and immunity of human beings. They are used in clinical settings to prevent certain diseases such as diarrhea, colon, cancer, hypertension, diabetes Helicobacter pylori infection. In this review article attempt has been made to review some significant recent studies to explain what are probiotics, their history, how they work inside human body as separate ‘organ’, mechanism of action, their beneficial aspects for health and future advancements in use of probiotics. Keywords: Microbiota, Probiotics, Human Health, Immunity, Diseases

Objectives: At present, resistance of uropathogenic bacteria towards different antibiotics is increasing worldwide due to improper, nonspecific and uncontrolled use of antibiotics; hence the treatment of UTI becomes difficult. These resistant uropathogens are major cause of increased rate of morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to investigate frequency of causal bacterial agents of UTI and their antibiotics susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on total 770 urine samples from suspected patients of urinary tract infections, these samples were collected over the period of one year November 2018- October 2019 from different hospitals of Ujjain. Uropathogens were isolated and identified from collected urine sample by biochemical tests and their susceptibility pattern was studied against different antibiotics by Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Results: A total of 770 urine samples were collected among which 486 (63.1%) samples were tested positive for urinary tract infection in their analysis and prevalence was found higher in female patients (71.6%) as compare to male patients (28.4%). The most common isolated uropathogens were (45.6%), (27.1%), (15.6%), (7.4%) and (4.1%).These isolated uropathogens were highly susceptible to Doripenem, Meropenem, Imepenem, Gentamicin, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Vancomycin, Linezolid and Rifampin. Conclusion: Due to high prevalence of uropathogens and increased rate of resistance among uropathogens, continued surveillance on uropathogens and their resistance is needed for its proper treatment. So the choice of drug for the treatment of urinary tract infections becomes narrow and its treatment is based on local antimicrobial sensitivity of uropathogens to prevent treatment failure and misuse of antibiotics.   Keywords: Antibiotics, Bacteria, Uropathogens, Prevalence, Susceptible, Urinary Tract Infection