Vaibhav Mane

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in females in the world and is the second most common cancer in India after cervical cancer. The breast cancer is second most common reason of loss of existence in each developed and additionally most of the growing countries. For the appraisal of prognosis of breast cancer commonly followed is the NOTTINGHAM PROGNOSTIC INDEX (NPI) which includes- tumor size, histological tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and hormone receptor status. These prognostic component help in administration and therapeutic requirement of breast cancer patient. Aim & Objectives: 1. To study the MRM specimens for size, grade of the tumor, LVI and LN metastases and the ER/PR receptors of the tumor. 2.To study the association of ER/PR status with the above mentioned prognostic parameters. Materials and Methods: This three-year study includes 50 histopathologically confirmed cases of carcinoma breast. The tumor type, grade, LNM, LVE were reported on H & E. The ER-PR study was done of all 50 cases. The tumor size, grade, NM, LVE were correlated with receptor status. Observation: Out of 50 cases majority (7.5%) of cases were in 41-50 years of age group, and tumor size was between 2-4 cm in (17.5%) cases; majority were of grade II carcinoma (17.5%) of which 13% were ER-PR positive. Out of 35 cases with negative LNM and LVE, 26 cases (13%) were ER-PR positive. Conclusion: In our observation there is no association between higher histological grade and ER-PR status. No obvious correlation with tumor size was noted. But increase in tumor size could also be a poor predictor of ER-PR status. LNM, LVE is poor predictor of ER-PR status.   Keywords: Breast carcinoma, Estrogen and progesterone receptor.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, comprising 16% of all -female cancers. It is by far the most frequent cancer in female, both in developed and developing regions and is second overall next only lung. In India, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in many regions and has overtaken cervix cancer, which was the most frequent cancer a decade ago 5 As in other developing regions, the mortality rates for breast cancer in India are high in comparison to its incidence rates. A poor survival may be largely explained by the lack of or limited access to the early detection services and treatment. Though clinical examination of the breast lump and the age of the patient can provide information about the nature of the lump, Histopathological examination is necessary to establish the diagnosis. Aim and Objective: To classify the breast lesions and study them with age, clinical presentation and various pathological parameters. Materials and Methods: The present study of the breast lesions was performed in the department of pathology in a general teaching hospital and tertiary referral health care centre in Mumbai. All the assimilated data was collected and analysed to find the incidence and frequency of lesions. Conclusion: Infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC) is the most common breast malignancy. Grade -2 IDC’s were more common than grade- 1 and grade-3 IDC’s. Breast cancers were bulky and presented at an advanced stage in younger population. Breast carcinomas in our population presents as locally advanced cancer, with predominance of higher histological grade and higher stage in view of lack of or limited access to the early detection services and treatment. Keywords:  Breast, Infiltrating duct carcinoma, Phylloides.

Introduction: In haematological disorders morphological changes in RBCs plays a vital role. The RBCs indices were always correlated with peripheral smear findings. This study was done to understand the importance of histogram and peripheral smear findings. Materials and Methods: EDTA blood sample from patients of anemia was run on Nihon Kohden Five part automated cell counter and peripheral smears were prepared for 3 months in tertiary hospital. The correlation between microscopic findings in RBCs morphology with cell counter histograms was done. Result: Total 176 patients of anemia were studied. The females were 130 (73.86%) and males were 46 (26.17%). Microcytic hypochromic anemia was common and was seen in 64.77% followed by Normochromic normocytic anemia which was seen in 19.31%, Dimorphic anemia in 11.93%, Macrocytic anemia in 2.84%, and Pancytopenia in 1.13%. In microcytic anemia the curve was shifted to left, in macrocytic anemia the shift was towards right side, and dimorphic anemia shows bimodal peak. Conclusion: For diagnosis of anemia peripheral smear findings were definitive and histogram can be used as supplementary tool. Keywords: Histogram, RBC, Anemia, Peripheral Smear.

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the most sensitive, correct and price effective initial technique for the clinical management of patient with thyroid nodules. Majority of the thyroid nodules are benign, with cancer accounting for less than 1% of all the lesions. Surgeons should understand the type of lesion before operation. Follicular patterned lesions is a grey zone area. If uniform standards are applied while reporting thyroid FNAC, thyroid lesions can be accurately categorized. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective observational, comparative hospital based study. Previous archived slides of thyroid FNAC ranging from a spectrum of benign to malignant lesions, belonging to different categories which can be classified according to Bethesda system over a period of 2 years. 20 FNA slides will be selected from different categories. The conventional system and the Bethesda system was used for reporting. Result: Bethesda system clearly defines risk of malignancy. Good interobserver correlation is found in Cat I and Cat VII while category IV, V and VI shows poor correlation by conventional method. While good correlation is found by the observers in category I, II and VI, Moderate correlation is found in category V by Bethesda system. Conclusion: Bethesda system of reporting thyroid cytopathology has high sensitivity as compared to conventional method and by this technique the interobserver and intraobserver variability can be reduced. Keywords: Bethesda system, Thyroid, FNAC.

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology ((FNAC) is the most sensitive, accurate and cost effective initial method for the clinical management of patient with thyroid nodules. Majority of the thyroid nodules are benign, with cancer accounting for only 1% of all the lesions. Hence it is imperative for the treating surgeon to know the biologic nature, as to benign versus malignant lesions and thus plan appropriate treatment. This would in turn avoid unnecessary surgeries. Follicular patterned lesions is a grey zone area in cytology. Aims and Objectives: To study the various morphological features of thyroid lesions by fine needle aspiration cytology and classify them according to Bethesda system for thyroid cytopathology-2007 and to evaluate the utility of FNAC in planning the management of thyroid lesions. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College and Hospital, Sangli, on patients meeting the mentioned inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results : Out of 90 cases, 3 cases (3.34%) were unsatisfactory for reporting, 69 cases (76.67%) were benign, 7 cases (7.77%) were categorized under AUS/FLUS. 9 cases (10%) were reported as Follicular Neoplasm (FN) or Suspicious for FN, 1 case (1.11%) was reported as suspicious of malignancy and 1 case (1.11%) were reported as malignant. Conclusion: FNAC of the thyroid is simpler and accurate preoperative diagnostic test compared with other diagnostic modalities. The results of thyroid cytology must be assessed in conjunction with the clinical findings and other investigations like TFT and USG findings, in view of the possibility of false negative or false positive cytological diagnosis. Keywords: FNAC, Bethesda, Thyroid, Follicular Neoplasm.