Anup Kumar Shetty

Abstract

Background: Infectious hepatitis can be caused by Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E viruses. Hepatitis E infection is a water-borne disease transmitted by faeco-oral route. It is a cause of major health problems in developing countries. Outbreaks can happen due to improper hygiene and poor sanitation. Hepatitis E infection shows similar mode of transmission and clinical features of Hepatitis A infection. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Hepatitis E virus infection in patients screened for hepatitis A virus. Materials and Methods: This prospective surveillance study was conducted between March 2020 to March 2021 on 57 serum samples which is came for the screening of anti-Hepatitis A virus IgM by enhanced Chemiluminescence method. These samples were collected and tested for anti- Hepatitis E virus IgM by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results:  Among 57 samples, 11 samples (19.3%) were positive for Hepatitis A Virus IgM, 13 samples (22.8%) were positive for Hepatitis E virus IgM, and 7 samples (12.3%) were positive for both. Conclusion: Hepatitis E virus infections were more than Hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis E and Hepatitis A virus co- infection was also observed. Screening of both viruses is suggested for infectious hepatitis.   Keywords: Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis E virus, IgM antibody.

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Abstract

Introduction: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media is an infection of the middle ear and mastoid cavity. It is more prevalent in infants and children. It’s chronicity can lead to intra or extra cranial complications such as persistent otorrhea, labyrinthitis, mastoiditis, meningitis, facial nerve paralysis, cerebellar and cerebral abscess. Both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms are responsible for the infection of the middle ear. This study was carried out to determine the aetiologic agents for CSOM, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of aerobic bacteria and to study associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: A prospective study. Clinically diagnosed 100 cases with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media under 18 years of age were included. Ear discharge was collected with two sterile swabs under aseptic precautions and for culture and sensitivity done. Risk factors and socio-economic status were recorded. Results: Children between 11-18 years (52%) were most commonly affected with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. The most common aerobic organisms isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33.61%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (25.21%). Bacteroidesfragilis (60%) and Aspergillus niger (42.86%) being the most common anaerobic and fungal isolates respectively. Majority of the bacteria isolated were sensitive to amikacin (88.46%) followed by gentamicin (78.09%), imipenem (53.27%), piperacillin-tazobactam (53.27%). The most common associated risk factors of CSOM was common cold (67%) followed by adenoids (32%). Conclusion: Pseudomonas species and Staphylococcus aureus were the commonest isolates. Culture and sensitivity is essential before treating CSOM to evaluate the causative agent and it’s antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Keywords: CSOM, Children, Pathogens, Antibiotic susceptibility.

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