Girendra Kumar Gautam

Recently, Coronavirus has given great attention from the biomedical community based on the appearance and isolation coronavirus that infects humans. To understand the new MERS-COV behaviour appears to require different knowledge levels (epidemiologists, antigenic, and pathogens), and this knowledge can be produced from the most related viruses. In this study, we direct to compare between 3 species of Coronavirus, namely Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS-COV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-COV), and Neocov regarding all genomes and 6 similar proteins (E, M, N, S, ORF1A, and ORF1AB) use different bioinformatics tools to provide a better understanding of the relationship between 3 viruses at nucleotide and amino acids. All sequences have obtained from the National Center Biotechnology Center (NCBI). Greetings to target genomes phylogenetic analysis shows that MERS and SARS-COV is closer to each other compared to Neocov, and the latter has a relatively longest time. We found that all phylogenetic methods in addition to all parameters (physical and chemical properties of amino acids such as amino acid, molecular weight, atoms the composition, theoretical pi, and structural formula) show that Neocov protein is the most related to MERS-COV. All phylogenetics trees (with the maximum-possibility method and joining neighbours) show that Protein Neocov has less evolution changes except ORF1A only with the maximum possible method. Our results show a high similarity between the structural protein of the virus responsible for the virus infectivity; Therefore, we hope Neocov will appear faster in human-related infections. Keywords: Coronavirus, Genomes, NeoCov, S protein, Transmission

is a tropical fruit that is widely produced and obsessively consumed, both for its delicious flavor and for its numerous medicinal benefits. is a tropical fruit that ranges in colour from orange red to yellow orange. The entire plant was used as medicine, including the fruit, leaves, roots, peel, bark, seed, and pulp. Papaya is the common name for this plant, and Papita is the Hindi name for it. It is now cultivated all over the world and used as an attractive tree in gardens. It was first introduced to India in the 17th century. Due to the presence of phenolics, flavonoid, and alkaloids as the active ingredients, papaya is recognised for its antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antifertility, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective properties, among others. phytochemicals that are important Many commercial goods made from diverse plant components are available on the market and are used for a variety of applications. This review discusses the fruit's origins and briefly examines its nutritional and pharmacological properties.   Keywords: Carica papaya, pharmacological activities, anti­cancer, extract

Trioxane is a six membered heterocyclic ring system with Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen where the oxygen is hetero atoms. Trioxane has total three oxygen atom in its ring. It can be the alternate of Artemisinin that shows anti malarial activity. Substituting trioxane can be prepared by various substitutions perhaps in the minimum requirement to show biological activities similar to Artemisinin. Artemisinin is a Chinese herb that has been used in the treatment of fevers for over 1,000 years. The chemical composision of Artemisinin is known and structurally it also has heterocyclic ring comprising the oxygen. So, Author proposed the findings of possibility of synthesis of trioxane in respect of Artemisinin as trioxane derivatives through different complex pathways. This paper focus on different strategies followed for the convenient synthesis of trioxane derivatives. Keywords: Trioxane, Artemisinin, Design, Chemical Synthesis, Anti malarial, Strategies

Diabetes is one of the major health problems that affect a large number of human populations. Diabetic cataract is one of the most frequent ocular complications rising secondarily to the diabetes. Aspirin and its various coordination metal complex plays a significant role in reduction of diabetes as well as cataract. In this work it had been tried to find about role of the Zinc-Aspirin complex and its effect on diabetic cataract induced by fructose. The synthesized complex had been synthesized using Zinc chloride and Aspirin. The synthesized complex had shown to reduce the in vitro diabetic cataract induced by the fructose. It could be concluded that zinc-aspirin metal complex may significantly reduce the cataractogenesis caused by the diabetes in in vitro model of cataratogenesis. Keywords: Diabetes, Cataract, in-vitro, Zinc Aspirin metal Complex.

Traditional otic drug delivery methods lack controlled release capabilities, making reverse gelatination gels a promising alternative. Reverse gelatination gels are colloidal systems that transition from a sol to a gel phase at the target site, providing controlled drug release over an extended period. Thermosensitive norfloxacin reverse gelatination gels were developed using a Quality by Design (QbD)-based optimization approach. The formulations were evaluated for their in vitro release profile, rheological behavior, visual appearance, pH, gelling time, and sol–gel transition temperature. The results show that the gelation temperatures of the formulations ranged from 33 to 37 °C, with gelling durations between 35 and 90 s. The drug content in the formulations was uniform, with entrapment efficiency ranging from 55% to 95%. Among the formulations, F10 exhibited the most favorable properties and was selected for a stability study lasting 60 days. Ex-vivo release data demonstrate that the F10 formulation achieved 95.6percentage of drug release at 360 min. This study successfully developed thermosensitive norfloxacin reverse gelatination gels using a QbD-based optimization approach. The selected formulation, F10, exhibited desirable properties in terms of gelling temperature, drug content, and release profile. These gels hold potential for the controlled delivery of norfloxacin in the treatment of ear infections.

Synthesis of 3-methoxy acetophenone with substituted benzaldehydes resulted in a number of novel chalcones. The chalcones were then treated to a cyclization reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ethanol to enable the synthesis of 3-methoxy acetophenone isoxazole derivatives. After purification, the structures of the synthesized compounds were identified using TLC, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and a Mass spectroscopy. The carrageenan-induced paw edema method was used to test the compounds for anti-inflammatory activity. Based on the findings, the three compounds appeared to be moderate to extremely active.

As they represent a sizable class of naturally occurring and synthetic chemicals with potent biological activity in the pharmaceutical and biological fields, 1, 3 Thiazine heterocycles are of great interest. The goal of this project was to create the Schiff base. 3,-Methoxychalcone derivative of 1,3-thiazine. TLC, IR, 1HNMR, 13C NMR, each mass calculation were accustomed to identify the compositions of recently created targeted substances. Using an Elevated plus maze, the test compounds (B1–11) were examined for their ability to reduce anxiety. The most effective CNS medications were B1 and B8 compounds.

The synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts has gained considerable attention in the field of nanotechnology since it is easy, simple, and cost effective and does not make use of toxic chemicals. In this work, gold (Au) nanoparticles were synthesized using the Aconitum heterophyllum leaf extract. Nanoparticles (NPs) prepared with plant extract are more stable, suitable and faster therapeutic efficacy against fungal infection. Moreover, the preparations of gold nanoparticles with plant extract are more uniform in shape and size. The metal nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, XRD, AFM, TEM, STEM, EDX analysis. The Minimum inhibitory concentration of the nanoparticles on various microorganisms (S.aureus, E.coli, P.auruginosa, B.subtilis and C.albicans) was determined along with its anti-biofilm and photocatalytic activity. The gold nanoparticles exhibited better and enhanced activity in inhibiting the microorganisms. And the photocatalytic activity was found to be better in the gold nanoparticles.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with neuroscience has initiated a new era of brain–machine communication, cognitive augmentation, and neurobehavioral investigation. The AI–brain interface represents an advanced technological framework that enables bidirectional communication between biological neural systems and computational devices through AI-driven analysis of brain signals. Recent progress in deep learning, neural decoding, wearable sensors, intracortical implants, and adaptive neurostimulation has accelerated the development of brain computer interfaces (BCIs) from experimental research tools into emerging clinical and cognitive enhancement platforms. Initially developed to restore communication and motor abilities in individuals with neurological disabilities, AI-assisted BCIs are now being investigated for applications in memory support, attention regulation, emotional monitoring, neurorehabilitation, learning, and human–machine interaction. Machine learning and deep learning techniques facilitate the identification of complex patterns within high-dimensional neural data, enabling more accurate interpretation of brain activity and the development of adaptive and personalized interventions. Increasing interest in AI-enabled neurotechnology has also been driven by the growing burden of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, and cognitive impairment. Emerging research demonstrates potential applications in speech decoding, neuroprosthetic control, rehabilitation, and closed loop therapeutic systems. However, challenges involving neural signal variability, device stability, cognitive privacy, neural data governance, safety, ethical oversight, and equitable access remain significant. This review examines current advances in AI–brain interfaces, focusing on their technological foundations, applications in cognitive enhancement and neurobehavioral research, clinical translation, emerging developments, challenges, and future perspectives.

Synthetic analgesic drugs have major side effects like gastritis, gastric ulcer, kidney disorders and cardiac arrhythmias. So, use of natural or herbal analgesics is an important and growing part of the pain-control and new discoveries are made practically every year. Many of these drugs commit the side effects like Morphine is responsible do work against heavy sedation and may elevate mood in distressed patients as do the antidepressants. Caffeine, release the histamine in more amounts, also have stimulation. And the use of cannabis like a medicine remains a debated issue. Analgesic herbs are the therapeutic herbs with analgesic effect that are commonly known as pain relief herbs or simply the pain herbs. Analgesic herbs are natural pain reliever that reduce or eliminate pain. These pain relief herbs are available in the market in analgesic topical forms like essential oil and analgesic cream- that can be directly applied at the pain sites- as well as in form of capsules, tea and tinctures for pain relief. So, Author proposed the comparative analgesic activity of some other new medicinal plant from Indian origin which can be very useful for medical sciences.

Myocardial infarction is the common presentation of the ischemic heart disease.Herbal medicines is getting more importance in the treatment of heart diseases because the modern synthetic medicines have limitation in their use due to side effects. Present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of Hygrophila auriculata L. (family: Acanthaceae) against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin. Administration of doxorubicin (25 mg/kg i.p.) induced cardiomyopathy by significant elevation in serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglycerides, cholesterol & lipid peroxidation activities with a corresponding decrease in SOD, CAT, GSH level in tissue homogenate. Oral administration of methanolic extract of Hygrophila auriculata leaves (100, 200& 400mg/kg) & it’s different fraction like petroleum ether fraction, n-butanol fraction, chloroform fraction & ethyl acetate fraction (100 & 200 mg/kg) prior to doxorubicin produced a significant cardioprotective activity. Methanolic extracts of Hygrophila auriculata leaves & its n-butanol fraction at dose 200 mg/kg shows reduction in mortality & restoration of altered cardiac marker enzymes. The histopathological studies also supported the protective properties of Hygrophila auriculata leaves, animals pretreated with Hygrophila auriculata leaves extract showed a marked protective effect with decreased necrotic zones and revealed normal cardiac muscle bundles. Present study showed that Hygrophila auriculata leaves methanolic extract & its n-butanol fraction significantly restores most of the biochemical and histopathological parameters. These result indicates that Hygrophila auriculata leaves methanolic extract have significant cardioprotective activity.

Trichosanthes, a genus of family Cucurbitaceae is an annual herb distributed in tropical Asia, Polynesia, & Australia. According to Ayurveda its seeds are used as antipyretic, anthelmintic, diuretic, cardio tonic & laxative etc. Physico-chemical studies of T. dioica seeds have set the some standard i.e. Ether soluble extractive value 16.15%w/w, alcohol soluble extractive value 10.11% w/w, water soluble extractive value 9.22% w/w, Total Ash value 6.21 w/w, acid insoluble ash value 1.32% w/w, water soluble ash value 4.29% & loss on drying 24.33% w/w etc. In the present study preliminary phytochemical screening was done and after achieving the idea of phytoconstituents group, thin layer chromatography studies were carried out for different organic solvent extracts. Medicinal plant materials normally carry a great number of bacteria and moulds, often of soil origin. While a large range of bacteria and fungi form the naturally occurring micro flora of herbs, aerobic spore forming bacteria frequently predominate. Current practices of harvesting, handling and production cause additional contamination and microbial growth. In the present study microbial load determination also carried out for crude seed powder of T. dioica.

A series of thiazolidinone derivatives with various aromatic aldehyde substitution were synthesized and characterized by physical (TLC and M.P.) and spectral data (IR, NMR and MASS). They were evaluated for antimicrobial potential against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Shigella and fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The initial screening using zones of inhibition at 50 μl concentration revealed that they are moderately active against the tested strains.

Thiazolidinone is a five member heterocyclic ring system with nitrogen and sulphur as the hetero atoms and acarbonyl group at 4th position. It shows the broad spectrum activity against Gram positive, Gram negative and fungal organism. Beside the antibacterial and antifungal activity we also reviewed the antitubercular, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant, anthelmintic, analgesic, diuretic and antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinone. Substituting thiazolidinones with various substitutions perhaps in the minimum requirement for showing biological activities. Researchers have synthesized these thiazolidinone derivatives through different complex pathways. This review focus on different strategies followed for the convenient synthesis of thiazolidinone based heterocyclic derivatives. The steps include condensation followed by cyclization of Schiff’s bases, either in one pot or in a step-wise manner under different conditions. Chloroacetyl chloride, mercaptoacetic acid, ethylchloroacetate and potassium thiocynate are the most common used reagents used for the synthesis of thiazolidinone with various heterocyclic compounds

Objective: To explore the pharmacognostical characteristics and in vivo anticonvulsant activity of chloroform extracts of Diplocyclos palmatue leaves, Abutilon indicum Linn sweet stem and Cassia occidentalis whole plant formulation. Methods: The plants were successively extracted using chloroform. The extract was screened for phytochemicals using HPTLC, GCMS techniques. The extract was also screened for acute toxicity and herbal formulation anticonvulsant activity, against MES and PTZ induced convulsions, using Wistar albino rats. Results: The phytochemical screening study reveals the presence of more chemical constituents in chloroform extract. We found no significant changes in average body weight of animals, up to tested oral dose of 3000 mg/kg, during acute toxicity study and suspension having good stability on storage. The in vivo study reveals the anticonvulsant activity of chloroform extract against MES and PTZ induced convulsions. The chloroform extract is found to be more potent, similar to Phenytoin, in controlling both MES and PTZ induced convulsions. Conclusions: The results obtained suggest that the formulation has remarkable anticonvulsant activity. Also, our study indicates the potential application of these combined herbal dosage forms could be suitable for anticonvulsant activity. However, this claim demands through investigation in other models for anticonvulsant activity

Calotropis gigantea, R.Br. is a plant with clusters of flowers of white or lavender colour. They grow widely in Singapore, China, Thailand, Malay Islands and Sri Lanka. In India, the shrubs are very common and grow widely in compounds of temples and other waste lands. It is called as Madar. Large shrub or small tree up to 4 10 m tall, much-branched at base, stems erect, up to 20 cm in diameter; bark pale grey, longitudinally cracked; young shoots woolly hairy; latex in all parts. The White Madar plants are very slow growing but are fleshy in nature especially the leaves and stems. The latex, leaves, flowers, barks and roots of this plant are used as potential remedy for the treatment of a range of ailments. C. gigantea contain chemical constituents are cardenolides, flavonoids, terpenes, pregnanes and a non-protein amino acid. The plant has been used for various disease condition including leprosy, ulcers, tumours and piles. Various pharmacological activities reported like Analgesic activity, Antipyretic activity, Pregnancy interceptive activity, CNS activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Procoagulant activity, Anti-diarrhoeal activity, free redical scavenging activity, Antimicrobial Activity, Anti-tumor activity, Antifungal activity, Antitussive activity, and Antifeedent activity. In view of this the present study was investigated to review the phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, medicinal properties and biological properties of Calotropis gigantea

BothCalotropis giganteanandCalotropisproceraare medicinal shrub, belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. Both plants are used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for healing various diseases. However, the present study was aimed to evaluate the parameters to determine the identity, purity and strength of the plant. This study comprises of Morphological and Preliminaryphysio-chemical investigations of the shrub. Organoleptic characteristics such as color, taste, odour, powder microscopy,etc. were studied. The fluorescent behavior of the powdered root part of Calotropis giganteanandCalotropisprocera in different solutions towards ordinary light and ultraviolet light (both long and short wavelengths) were found out. Total Ash Value, Acid insoluble ash, Water & Alcohol solubleextractive values were determined.

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. commonly known as Musk mallow (E) and Kasturi bhendi (Hindi) is an aromatic and medicinal plant belongs to Malvaceae family. The plant has numerous medicinal values as claimed by traditional and folk lore. The present paper deals with anthelmintic activity in adult earthworm Pheritima posthuma. The PEE, CE, EE and AE leaves and seed extract of Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. was screened for anthelmintic activity and it was found that the aqueous extract showed higher activity than other aqueous extract when compared with the standard drug of albendazole.

Background: Solid lipid nanoparticles are an alternative carrier system used to load the drug targeting, to improve bioavailability by increasing solubility, permeability and protecting the drug from first pass metabolism. Objective: The aim of this investigation was to design and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of rosuvastatin calcium. Materials and methods: A modified solvent emulsification diffusion technique was used to produce the rosuvastatin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. A 4-factor, 3-level Central Composite design was applied to study the effect of independent variables (factors) i.e. lipid (A), surfactant concentration (B), stirring speed (C) and drug amount (D) on dependent variables (responses) i.e. drug entrapment efficiency (Y1), drug loading (Y2) and particle size (Y3). 3-D surface response plots were drawn and optimized formulation was selected based on desirability factor. Results: The results of optimized formulation showed average particle size of 115.4 nm, entrapment efficiency of 97.16% and drug loading of 60.34%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that particles were spherical in shape with smooth surfaces and uniform distribution. Conclusion: Thus, the present study can be useful for the successful design, development and optimization of SLNs for rosuvastatin calcium using a 4-factor, 3-level Central Composite design.

Transdermal therapeutic systems were studied applying different ratios of polymer HPMCK15M, (PVPK30) polyvinyl pyrrolidone and ethyl cellulose was added in the formulation as pore creating agent for improvement of bioavailability of drug and reducing toxic effects. Dibutyl phthalate and PEG-400 were used as plasticizer and tween 80 and DMSO were used as penetration enhancer. Solvent evaporation method was used for the formulation of patches. The patches showed satisfactory folding endurance and tensile strength and it indicated good physical stability. The drug-excipients compatibility studies were performed by Infrared spectrophotometer (IR). Transdermal permeation of carvedilol through rat abdominal skin was determined by using modified Franz diffusion cells and formulation F4 and F5 showed 93.00%, 92.05% drug release at the end of 24 hours. Release kinetics studies revealed that the drug release from formulation F4 and F5 followed Higuchi kinetics with release exponent value n=0.2, 0.28 which shows that release pattern of patches follows diffusion mechanism.

A simple, accurate, precise, rugged, robust, linear and reproducible method was developed by RP-HPLC method for estimation of related substance and assay of cabazitaxel in Cabaxitaxel injection. A gradient RP-HPLC method was developed and validated on C-18 Column (Sunfire, 150 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) using 0.05 M KH2P04 and 0.2% of 1 octane sulphonic acid with pH 2.0 as mobile phase A, while for mobile phase B acetonitrile was used. The flow rate was adjusted to 1.3 ml/min, column oven temperature 30°C and the detection wavelength was 230 nm with 85 minutes run time. The retention time for cabazitaxel was found to be 13.85, 10-Dab-III impurity 2.57, Amine impurity 3.62, Detroc oxazolidine impurity 16.17, Oxazolidine protected Cabazitaxel impurity 22.73, Ditroc impurity 24.08, Ditroc oxazolidine impurity 59.01. Detection response for cabazitaxel and known impurities were found linear over a range of LOQ to 250% of the working specification limits. Proposed method was validated for specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, ruggedness & robustness. This developed method can be applicable for routine and stability quantitative analysis.

A simple, accurate, selective, specific and stability indicating method was developed by RP-HPLC method for estimation of related substance Lercanidipine Hydrochloride in Lercanidipine Hydrochloride Tablet. A gradient RP-HPLC method was developed and force degradation study performed on C-8 Column, Water symmetry C8, 250 X 4.6mm, 5  or equivalent, using Sodium Perchlorate Monohydrate with pH 4.0 with Acetonitrile in the ration of 50:50 v/v as mobile phase. The flow rate was adjusted to 1.5 ml/min, column oven temperature 30°C and the detection wavelength was 220 nm with 70 minutes run time (for sample solution, system suitability solution, diluent, placebo Solution), 30 minutes (For diluted standard). The retention time for Lercanidipine Hydrochloride was found to be 20 minutes. Proposed method was validated for specificity and force degradation study. This validation study is intended to show that the method is stability indicating and is suitable to determine inherent stability of drug for Lercanidipine Hydrochloride in Lercanidipine Hydrochloride Tablets of 10 mg and 20mg dosage strengths.

The present research work of Herbal Formulation With Ajwa Seed (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Extract And Zam-Zam Water For Anticancer activity is an effective formulation from the pioneer research and discussion. As well as literature survey, the possibility of the study is fine. The parameters and methodology for the research work is made initially by plant authentifications. Phoenix Dactylifera was authentified by respective authority. The seeds of riped fruit was crushed, powdered and examined for number of evaluation studies, which includes physical characteristic studies like smell, taste, colour, solubility studies and loss on drying. The dried seeds of Phoenix Dactylifera ethanolic extract was prepared by soxhlet apparatus by using ethanol (95%v/v)as a solvent. Phyto chemical screening also performed to determine presence of active constituents. The advanced studies also performed with the help of HPTLC finger printing method for qualitative evaluation of seeds compared sample with standard, and result proved that active constituent present in the sample Phoenix Dactylifera is similar as standard. and the acute toxicity study was performed by OECD Guidelines 423 and therapeutic index was determined, which were correlated standard parameters. The cell line studies was performed by selected cell Seven cell lines HT-29 (Human colon cancer cell lines), A 431(Human skin cancer cell lines), HL-60 (Human leukemia cell lines), MCF-7 (Human breast cancer cell lines), and Human Epidermoid Larynx Carcinoma cell line (Hep 2). A 549 (Human lung cancer cell lines), HeLa (human cervical cancer) Dalton’s lymphoma cells (mouse ascites tumor) which includes MTT assay, SRB assay, LDH assay etc. The in vivo cancer studies performed in rats. the result given by all evaluation parameters are satisfactory by achieving all the experimental criteria. The optimized seed powder formulated pharmaceutically for formulations were confirmed by six trials. The invtro studies were performed with the help of analytical studies. The stability studies also performed for six month. For the formulation. zam zam water was selected as vehicle because of abundant source from natural and certain anti oxidant effect. In the light of the above points and considering the importance of natural drugs, the present work on the investigation of the plant namely Phoenix dactylifera L.Family Arecaceae reveals The generation of new therapeutic agents for the Anti-Cancer.

The present study of this research work was to formulate bioadhesive tablets of clarithromycin for the treatment of gastric ulcers caused by H. pylori bacteria. Clarithromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic for the treatment of peptic ulcer. The tabets were formulated by synthetic polymer by carbopol- 934 for controlled drug delivery of 24 hrs. The drugs and excipients were subjected to compatibility studies using FTIR. The in process evaluation studies were performed for tablet processing. The formulated and selected tablets were performed for in- vitro dissolution studies. Adhesive properties of polymers and tablets were confirmed by ex vivo methods. The duration of binding were determined by pre-clinical studies in rabbits as in- vivo methods. The tablets were subjected to stability studies. The study finally concluded that clarithromycin bioadhesive tablets loaded by carbopol 934 polymer is a good controlled release tablets for mucoadhesion due to good release retarding mechanism and carbopol 934 is synthetic polymer for binding action.

Phytochemicals are secondary metabolites produced by all plants in which some has medicinal uses. The comparative Qualitative and Quantitative phytochemical analysis of root extracts in aqueous, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Calotropis gigantea and calotropis procera Linn. were investigated. The comparative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenols group in varying concentrations. The comparative studies result of the above two plants gives a basis of its use in traditional medicine to manage ailments and disorders. It also contains some biologically active constituents worthy of further investigations.

Study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Carica Papaya Latex at the dose 400mg/k.g. and Ficus Bengalensis Latex at the dose 300mg/k.g. per oral induced by thioacetamide at the dose 100mg/k.g. S.C. Hepatoprotective activity was observed by using bio chemical parameters such as Serum-Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase and Serum-Glutamate Oxalate Transaminase (SPT and SGOT), total protein, Bilirubin, Alkaline Phosphate (ALP). Carica Papaya and Ficus Bengalensis Latex produced significant hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzyme like SGPT, SGOT, Bilirubin, ALP, and elevated total protein level. Both plants latex were found completely prevented the toxic effect of thioacetamide on above serum arameters.

Objective: The aim of this study was to formulate and optimize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for the enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of the poorly aqueous soluble drug rosuvastatin calcium. Methods: SLNs were prepared by slight modification of solvent emulsification-diffusion technique and analyzed for particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, stability, and pharmacokinetic studies. Rosuvastatin calcium SLNs were formulated using stearic acid as main lipid, poloxamer 407 as surfactant, and Tween 80 as cosurfactant. Results: All parameters were found to be in an acceptable range. Optimized formulation OR2 SLNs have shown mean particle size 115.49±2.97 nm with polydispersity index value of 0.456, zeta potential - 18.40 mV, 60.34% drug loading, and 97.16% drug entrapment efficiency. In vitro drug release was found to be 88.70±3.59% after 12 h with sustained release and was fitted with Higuchi model with a very high correlation coefficient (R2=0.9905). Transmission electron microscopy confirms that the SLNs of selected optimized formulation are circular in shape. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction confirm the formation of amorphous product. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies confirm the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between drug and lipid. Pharmacokinetic studies showed an optimized formulation OR2 SLNs enhanced bioavailability with 4.44-fold as compare to plain drug suspension. Optimized formulation OR2 SLNs have shown good stability at 25±2°C and 60±5°C relative humidity for 180 days. Conclusion: Thus, the current study can be useful for the successful development of optimized SLNs and able to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble drug rosuvastatin calcium.

Hemidesmus indicus L. (Family: Apocynaceae), is commonly referred as Indian arsaparilla, Anantamool or Nannari, commonly available perennial climbing plant had been widely used for its reported biological activities in indigenous system of medicine. The present investigation was carried out to find the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves and stem of Hemidesmus indicus for its anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using acute inflammatory models viz., carrageenan induced paw oedema. Oral administration of the extract at the doses 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. exhibited dose dependent and significant anti-inflammatory activity in (p < 0.05). Hence, present investigation established pharmacological evidences to support the folklore claim that Hemidesmus indicus is used as anti-inflammatory agent.

The pyrimidine ring system has wide occurrence in nature as substituted and ring fused compounds and derivatives, including the nucleotides, thiamine (vitaminB1) and alloxan. It is also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Although pyrimidine derivatives such as uric acid and alloxan were known in the early 19th century, a laboratory synthesis of a pyrimidine was not carried out until 1879, when Grimaux reported the preparation of barbituric acid from urea and malonic acid in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride.

The aim of present investigation was to formulate and characterize elastic liposomes as a delivery system for transdermal delivery of Verapamil hydrochloride, a drug having low oral bioavailability (approx 20%), short biological half-life and extensive first pass metabolism.Verapamil hydrochloride loaded elastic vesicles were prepared by a slightly modified extrusion method using soya phosphatidylcholine and span 80(edge activator). Prepared elastic vesicles were characterized for various parameters such as vesicle shape, vesicle size and size distribution, entrapment efficiency, elasticity measurements, stability studies and in vitro skin permeation studies through excised rat skin (Sprague Dawley) using a locally fabricated Franz diffusion cell. The entrapment efficiency of elastic vesicles was found to be 59.33.6%. In vitro skin permeation of verapamil hydrochloride through excised rat skin (Sprague Dawley) revealed that elastic vesicles led to an enhanced transdermal flux (50.24.52 g/cm2/h) of verapamil hydrochloride as compared to liposomes (11.62.12g/cm2/h). Decreased lag time (0.9 h) was also observed in case of elastic liposomes. Our results indicate the feasibility of elastic liposomes for transdermal delivery of verapamil hydrochloride for improved skin permeation.

Bombax ceiba L is a big deciduous tree found in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. Conventional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani have been highlighted the use of B. ceiba parts (bark, leaves and flower) for the treatment of manydiseases like hypertension, HIV infections, inflammation, catarrhal affection, ulcer, acne, gynecological disorders, fever, dysentery, algesia, hepatotoxicity, piles and urinary infections. The aim of the present study was to evaluate pharmacognostic, physicochemical, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of leaf and bark of B. ceiba collected from Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. The pharmacognostic studies out in terms of various investigations like organoleptic or morphological characters, microscopic or anatomical studies, physicochemical evaluations (loss on drying, ash value, extractive values and acid insoluble ash value). Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The detail microscopy of bark revealed the presence of cork cell, lignified fibre, calcium oxalate crystals, xylem vessels. Physiochemical parameters such as percentage of foreign matters, ash values, loss on drying swelling index, extractive values were determined. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides. In the procedure of quantitative analysis of flavonoids and phenolic compound was carried out by aluminium chloride Folins and Ciocalteau reagent method .In this methodthe totalflavonoids content and phenolic content of B. ceiba ethanolic and aqueous barks extracts was found to be 6.272, 3.363 and 2.607, 1.607mg /100mg respectively and total phenolic and flavonoids content of B. ceiba ethanolic, aqueous leaves extracts was found to be 7.381, 4.590 and 3.200, 1.792 mg/100mg respectively. These studies provided information for standardization and correct dentification of this plant material. These information will also be helpful to differentiate B. ceiba from the closely related other species. The diverse array of phytochemicals present in the plant thus suggests its therapeutic potentials which may be explored in drug manufacturing industry as well as in traditional medicine.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting long-term secondary complication. Aldose reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway, plays a key role in the treatment of diabetic complications. Appropriately, inhibition of this enzyme is emerging as a major therapeutic strategy for the pathogenesis of secondary complication. In this study, we describe a series of 5 aryl benzylidene -thiazolidine, 4-dione derivatives, F3 synthesized as aldose reductase inhibitors. Besides inhibiting efficiently the target enzyme, F4 and F5 showed additional AR inhibitory as well as hypoglycaemic activity (146.15 and 175.20 mg/dl ) thus emerging as novel dual acting compounds. The bezylidene derivative F3, the most promising of the whole series, showed a well-balanced, consisting of ALR2 inhibitory efficacy (83.00% at 10µg/mL), similarly, F3 have lower blood glucose level in the range of 131.11 mg/dl at 15 mg/kg body weight. This compound show robust in vitro and in vivo efficacy, and could be considered as promising dual target antidiabetic drug candidates.

In the present work, some new imidazole derivatives (3i-xii) were synthesized as per design synthetic protocol scheme. The structures of newly prepared compounds were confirmed by modern analytical technique (IR, 1H-NMR, Mass spectral data) and elemental analysis, results found in full agreement with their assigned structures. All the synthetic compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains viz. Escherichia coli (E. coli, MTCC 2961), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, MTCC 3160), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis, MTCC 121), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae, MTCC 3040) and Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus, MTCC 7527)) and fungal strains viz. Candida albicans (C. albicans, MTCC 227), Aspergillus niger (A. niger, MTCC 277) and Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus, MTCC 418); results showed good to remarkable activity. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values were determined by comparison to ciprofloxacin (anti-bacterial) and fluconazole (anti-fungal) as standard drug. Among them, compound 3iv and 3x exhibited notable antimicrobial activity. These compounds may be used as new template for the searching of potential antimicrobial agents.

A number of techniques can be employed to enhance bioavailability of medicament which shows gastrointestinal irritation and first pass metabolism. In order to improve bioavailability in such cases scientist approach towards transdermal drug delivery system. As transdermal drug delivery system also suffers from some drawbacks like poor permeability, skin irritation, etc; which can be improved by utilizing a combination of transdermal delivery and novel drug delivery system like ethosomes. Ethosomes are particularly modified with cellular vesicle system prepared to supply different drug molecule along with several physiochemical properties within deep skin layers and over the skin. An ethosomal carrier offers a lots of disputes and chances for the future build up of novel upgrade therapies by improving the delivery of bioactive molecules through the skin and cellular membrane.

Objective: To study the hepatoprotective activity of Carica Papaya Latex at the dose 400mg/kg/b.w. per oral and Ficus Bengalensis latex at dose 300mg/kg/b.w. per oral against CCl4 induce Hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Method: Animals were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals in each group. Group I – Served as a normal control received saline 1ml /Kg for 21 days. The group -II, III, IV and V animals were received CCl4 at dose 1ml/Kg b.w./day intra- peritoneally. Animals from group –III to V received Carica Papaya Latex (400mg/Kg.p.o.), Ficus Bengalensis Latex (300mg/Kg.p.o.) and standard drug Silymarin (30mg/Kg.p.o.) once daily for 21 days. All groups animals were sacrificed on 22 days under light ether anesthesia. Blood sample were collected and used for bio-chemical parameters like serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Bilirubin (BRN), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and total protein. Result: The results were observed that Carica Papaya latex at dose 400 mg/kg.b.w and CCl4 treated group , Ficus Bengalensis latex at dose 300 mg/kg.B.w and CCl4 treated groups were found the decreased levels of SGPT,SGOT,, ALP and Bilirubin and increased total protein level compare to CCl4 treated group .So that this study indicated hepatoprotective effect. Conclusion: Present investigation indicated that both latex of Carica papaya and Ficus Bengalensis showed significant protection against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in Rats.

The Psoralea corylifolia L. & Psoralea esculenta seeds are traditionally used herbal medicine, but its comparative antioxidant activity has not been studied. The methanolic crude extracts of Psoralea corylifolia & Psoralea esculenta seeds were screened for their free radical scavenging properties using ascorbic acid as standard antioxidant. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The overall antioxidant activity of Psoralea corylifolia was found to be the strongest. The IC50 values of the extracts found 0.14 ± 0 & 0.05 ± 0 mg/l respectively. The ascorbic acid levels found19.3 ± 0.10 &11.7 ± 0.49 mg/100g and the carotenoids content were observed 28.65 ± 0.24 &16.82 ± 1.16 mg/100g in plant extracts. The highest total phenols content were found to be in Psoralea corylifolia with the value 31.2 ± 0.24 mg/g. The present study reveals that the selected plants would exert several beneficial effects by virtue of their antioxidant activity and may be taken for drug formulation.

Nutraceuticals have experienced considerable attention due to their speculative safety, potential nutritive and therapeutic effects. They are alternative to modern medicines and also provide healthy living. Now a days nutraceuticals and bioactive foods obtained from natural source have arose as promising supplements in various diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. Nutraceuticals are in high demand as they provide high health value, longer cell life healthy living and also reduces the risk of side effects from modern medicines. Nutraceuticals own innumerable biological benefits like anti-diabetic, natural antioxidant, anti-obesity, immune enhancement and also in heart diseases also, they also help to maintain better quality of health. A number of known bioactive foods show beneficial effects by different mechanisms like as antioxidant phenolic compounds are widely used.

Elbasvir a NS5A inhibitor is used in combination of Grazoprevir (NS3/4A protease inhibitor) for the treatment of chronic Hepatitis C, an infectious liver disease caused by infection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) under the trade name Zepatiar. A stability indicating reverse phase HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of Elbasvir and Grazoprevir in tablet dosage form. A waters Alliance HPLC with Zorbax eclipse XDB C18 (250 x 4.6 mm) 3.5µ columnwas used for chromatographic separation. A mobile phase consisting of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH adjusted to 4.0: acetonitrile (40:60v/v) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min was used, the UV detection was carried out at 260 nm. The established method was linear, accurate and precise over the range of 12.5 to 75 µg/mL with a regression equation of Y=20782X+2849.4 and correlation coefficient of 0.9995for elbasvir and linear over the range of 25-150 µg/mL with a regression equation of Y=14897X+20611 and correlation coefficient of 0.9992for Grazoprevir. The validated method demonstrated high sensitivity, accuracy, precision, selectivity and robustness. The method demonstrated high selectivity in presence of degradants produced during the stress conditions when Elbasvir and Grazoprevir were subjected to acid, alkali, oxidation, thermal and photolytic degradation.

The present study was undertaken to determine the anti-ulcer and antioxidant potential of GutGardTM, a standardized extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra commonly known as licorice. Effect of various doses (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg, po) of GutGardTM was studied on gastric ulcers in pylorus ligation-, cold-restraint stress- and indomethacin induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Anti-ulcer activity was evaluated by measuring the ulcer index, gastric content, total acidity, and pH of gastric fluid. GutGardTM dose dependently decreased gastric content, total acidity, ulcer index and increased pH of gastric fluid in pylorus ligation ulcer model. In cold-restraint stress- and indomethacin induced ulcer models all the doses of GutGardTM decreased the ulcer index and increased the pH of gastric fluid. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. GutGardTM exhibited potent antioxidant activity with high hydrophilic and lipophilic ORAC value. GutGardTM possessed anti-ulcerogenic properties that might be afforded via cytoprotective mechanism by virtue of its antioxidant properties. These results supported the ethnomedical uses of licorice in the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus and is a severe acute respiratory syndrome. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the ongoing outbreak as a global public health emergency. Currently, the research on novel coronavirus is still in the primary stage. Based on the current published evidence, we systematically summarizes the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of knowledge surrounding COVID-19. The virus be born in bats and was conveyed to humans through yet an unidentified intermediary animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. Coronavirus disease is spread by inhalation or contact with infected droplets and its incubation time period ranges from 2 to 14 days. Treatment is essentially supportive; role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. Prevention entails home isolation of suspected cases and those with mild illnesses and strict infection control measures at hospitals that include contact and droplet precautions. At this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19. However, there are many ongoing clinical trials evaluating potential treatments. This review in the hope of helping the public effectively recognize and deal with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), and providing a reference for future studies.

The main objective of the present investigation was to develop transdermal delivery of Atorvastatin, a HMG-CoAreductase inhibitor used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF). Atorvastatin was formulated into ethosomal formulation to reduce the first pass metabolism and increase the systemic bioavailability. Methods: Cold method was used to formulate ethosomes by using suitable phosphatidylcholine and permeation enhancer. All the formulation were characterized for vesicle morphology, particle size and entrapment efficiency by Transmission Electron Microscopy, Differential light scattering and centrifugation respectively. The effect of different formulation variable on skin permeation of Atorvastatin was studied via synthetic semipermeable membrane or skin of new born mice by using diffusion cell. Results: The optimized ethosomal formulation showed enhanced drug delivery with no first pass metabolism, entrapment efficiency was found to be 98.65 ± 0.63% and showed drug release 98.13 ± 3.67% for ethosomal formulation across rat skin as compared to 52.37 ± 3.62% for hydroethanolic solution. Conclusion: Finally it was concluded from the study that, ethosomes can increase the transdermal flux, prolong the release and present an attractive route for sustained delivery of Atorvastatin.

Pellets are defined as the spherical or semispherical solid dosage forms with the free-flowing property whose size ranges from 500–1500 µm. In recent days the pellets are being developed as immediate, modified and controlled release dosage forms due to their enormous range of advantages, i.e., in terms of both technological and therapeutical aspects. In the pelletization technique, fine powder of the active ingredient along with the excipients undergoes agglomeration to produce a small spherical or semispherical solid unit, i.e., pellets. There are various techniques for the formulation of pellets including drug layering, spray drying and congealing, cryopelletization, hot-melt extrusion, and freeze pelletization. The major aim of this paper is to review some general aspects regarding pellet and pelletization techniques like Drug Layering Technique, Spray Drying and Congealing, Cryopelletization, Extrusion Spheronisation, Hot Melt Extrusion, and Freeze Pelletization along with their advantages, disadvantages, and applications. This review also discusses the evaluation parameters like shape and surface morphology, pellet flow property, particle size distribution, porosity, friability, hardness, loss on drying, drug release studies, drug content of pellets, stability studies, moisture content of pellets, drug–excipient compatibility studies, as well as marketed pellet products and various patents on pellets.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which results in a high level of sugar due to inadequacy in insulin secretion. The high sugar level in diabetes is linked to the impairment and dysfunction of the eyes, kidneys, blood vessels, nerves, and heart. In the current research, herbal medicines have been explored because of the side effects associated with oral hypoglycemic therapy of hyperglycemia. Herbal medicines could play a dominant role in the control of diabetes mellitus. Methods: Methanolic extracts of seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L & Psoralea esculenta L have been screened for both in-vitro and in-vivo anti-hyperglycemic roles using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The methanolic extract of both plants was evaluated for pancreatic tissue studies. Results: According to the outcomes, a significant decrease in blood glucose level was observed in the diabetic groups treated with methanolic extracts of Psoralea corylifolia L. seeds. Conclusion: In this study, the methanolic extract of Psoralea corylifolia L. seeds used to evaluate anti-hyperglycemic potential showed appreciably notable and astonishing results when compared with the Glibenclamide. The methanolic extract of Psoralea corylifolia L. seeds has the potential to regulate hyperglycemia in the in-vivo model. Hence, Psoralea corylifolia L. methanol seeds extract may be selected for its anti-hyperglycemic activity.

The accumulation of so-called “greenhouse gases” in the atmosphere – particularly CO2 is adversely affecting the global climate. This paper briefly reviews current expectations regarding physical and biological impacts, their potential costs to society, and the potential costs of mitigation. For the “worst case” scenario, it is impossible, from an economic point of view, to assess the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the "most favorable" (though not necessarily "likely") case (of slow climate change), however, it seems that the impacts are within the "affordable" range, at least in the world's industrialized countries. In the "Third World" the notion of affordability is of questionable relevance, making the problem of quantitative assessment almost impossible.

Owing to the increasingly serious problems caused by multidrug resistance in acquired infection pathogens, it has become an urgent need to develop new classes of antibiotics for overcoming the resistance. The present study aims to increase the antimicrobial activity of quinoxaline thiosemicarbazide derivatives by introducing a hydrophobic alkyl chain, an electron-releasing group in the ring, and substitution by some acyclic, cyclic and bicyclic monoterpenes and their antimicrobial evaluation against various strains with molecular docking studies. The lead molecule (1E, 4E)-1-(7-chloro-3-isopropyl quinoxalin-2(1H)-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide was synthesized and condensed with various monoterpenes to synthesize different derivatives. The structures of compounds were confirmed through IR., NMR & mass spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated in-vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activities against various strains using the agar dilution method. Molecular docking studies of the derivatives (Va – Vg) were performed to find out essential binding sites against target protein (PDB: 3 FAP, receptor: FKBP 12) using Autodock 4.2. The compounds Va, Vd, Vf & Vg exhibited potent antibacterial and antifungal activity. Among all these compounds Vd was found to exhibit more potent activity against gram +Ve, gram –Ve bacterial and fungal strains at MIC 0.19 μg/ml, 0.39μg/ml, and 1.56 μg/ml respectively. The docking studies of all the compounds exhibit potent binding energy, but the compound Vd exhibit interactive binding energy (-9.98 kcal/mol) to the active pockets of the receptor FKBP12. The compound Vd interacting with various active sites of amino acids of receptors like PHE128, TRP190, TYR26, VAL55, ILE56, PHE99, and TRP59. In terms of structure activity relationship study it is revealed that the activity profile against bacterial and fungal strains was altered by the formation of monoterpenoid substituted (1E, 4E)-1-(7chloro-3-isopropylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide derivatives. The study reveals that bicyclic monoterpenes substituted compounds exhibit greater activity than cyclic and acyclic. The molecular docking studies also showed that all the compounds exhibit good docking energy to bind and inhibit the FKBP12 receptor.

In the present research worked aims to increase the antimicrobial activity of quinoxaline thiosemicarbazide derivatives by substitution of some acetophenones and their antimicrobial evaluation against various antimicrobial strains with molecular docking studies. Lead molecule (1E, 4E)-1-(7-chloro-3- isopropylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide was synthesized and condensed with various substituted acetophenones to synthesize derivatives. All derivatives were characterized by IR., NMR & Mass spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated in-vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activities against various strains using the agar dilution method. Molecular docking studies of the derivatives (Va – Vg) were performed against E. coli DNA gyrase B and Topoisomerase IV to find out essential binding sites against target protein PDB: 1AJ6 and 1S14, respectively. Among all these compounds,Vf and Vg were found to exhibit more potent activity against Gram –Ve, Gram +Ve bacterial and fungal strains at MIC 0.19 µg/ml, 0.39µg/ml, and 0.78 µg/ml, respectively. The docking studies of all the compounds exhibit potent binding energy, but the compound Vg exhibit interactive binding energy -8.1 and -7.5 kcal/mol to the active pockets of E.coli DNA gyrase B and Topoisomerase IV against target protein PDB: 1AJ6 and 1S14, respectively. The compound Vg interacting with various active sites of amino acids of DNA gyrase B like ASN 46, ILE 94, ILE 78, PRO 79, ARG 76, THR 165, ASP 73 & VAL 71, and Topoisomerase IV like ASP 1133, ASP 1070, ARG 1159, ARG 1072, THR 1161 & HIST 1051.In terms of structure-activity relationship study, it is revealed that the activity profile against bacterial and fungal strains was altered by the formation of acetophenones substituted (1E, 4E)-1-(7-chloro-3-isopro- pylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide derivatives.

Background: In the present research work a series of novel quinoxaline thiosemicarbazide derivatives were synthesized by substitution of some aromatic aldehydes and their antimicrobial evaluation against various microbial strains with molecular docking studies. Methods: Lead molecule (1E, 4E)-1-(7-chloro-3-isopropyl quinoxaline-2(1H)-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide was synthesized and condensed with various aromatic aldehydes to synthesize derivatives. All derivatives (Va-Vf) were characterized by IR., NMR & Mass spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activities using the agar dilution method. Molecular docking studies of the derivatives were performed against E.coli DNA gyrase B and topoisomerase IV to find out essential binding sites against target protein PDB: 1AJ6 and 1S14 respectively. Results: Compounds Vb, Vc, Ve&Vf exhibited potent antibacterial and antifungal activity. Compounds, Vb and Vc were found to exhibit more potent activity against Gram –Ve, bacterial strains at MIC 0.19 µg/ml whereas compound Ve and Vf showed potent activity against Gram +Ve bacterial strains and fungal strains at MIC 0.19 µg/ml and 0.78 µg/ml respectively. The docking studies revealed that all the compounds exhibit extensive binding to the active pockets of E.coli DNA gyrase B and topoisomerase IV. The compound Vb and Ve exhibit interactive binding energy -8.0 and -8.3 Kcal/mole to the active pocket site of E.coli DNA gyrase and -8.2 and 7.9 Kcal/mole to the active pocket site of topoisomerase IV respectively. Conclusion: In terms of SAR study, it was revealed that the activity profile against microbial strains was altered with electronic effects like electron-withdrawing or donating substitutions in aromatic aldehydes substituted quinoxaline thiosemicarbazide derivatives.

Objective: The main aim of the study is to analyze the prescribing patterns and cost-effective analysis of single therapy and combination therapy oral anti-diabetic drugs, awareness of patients about diabetes, medication and lifestyle modification in the geriatrics population. Methods: A prospective study was carried out over a period of 12 mo in the region of Punganur Andhra Pradesh. Type 2 diabetic patients who were on oral anti-diabetic drugs were enrolled in the study. A suitable data collection form was prepared and used to collect the required data. The demographic data, disease data and the utilization of various oral anti-diabetic agents were analyzed. About 800 patients were enrolled for the study from rural and urban areas in Punganur. Among the study opulation, 63% (504) were males and 37% (296) were females in the age group of 55 y and above. The majority of patients were from urban areas 70% (560) and 30% (240) were from rural areas. About 78 % of the patients have a history of diabetes more than 10 y and 22% were more than 5 y and less than 10 y. Results: The present study found that type 2diabetes was prevalent in males than females. Results show two anti-diabetic drugs of single drug and fixed dose combination per prescription was more than the single anti-diabetic drug also found new prescription was observed more and cost of treatment was immense when compared to old prescription. Prescription pattern exposed libenclamide, Metformin, Glipizide and Glimepiride were the most common drugs used among the various oral antidiabetics. Currently, newer drug DPPi 4 inhibitors like Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin and Teneligliptin are used as single and combination with metformin were increased in prescription. Among the various oral antidiabetics prescribed, the cost of 2 drugs per prescription and newer anti-diabetic drugs like DPPi4 was high but cost analysis study revealed the availability low cost brands in market. Conclusion: The study concluded that Prescription pattern and cost analysis of marketed anti-diabetic drug might be helpful for the professional to prescribe low cost effective medication.

In this study, we were provided universal considerations for the setting up and carry out of pharmacoepidemiological studies of drug use for disorders like Osteoarthritis, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Hypothyroidism, Depression, and Osteoporosis in geriatric patient. The study method was focused on monitored and categorized the prescriptions of geriatrics from 650 patient in Madapalle and Puganur region of Andhra Pradesh, Identified and prepare the list of drugs, which were inappropriately prescribed and used in geriatrics by using Revised Beers criteria and also assess the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) by using Modified Barthel Index (MBI). Identify any drug-drug interactions among the drugs used in geriatrics. We were reported the adverse drug reactions appeared in geriatrics and the various treatments that the patients are received with different co-morbidity disease with the assessment of drug exposure, and ascertainment of PIM, PPO STOPP, START criteria and MBI outcomes. Characteristic of statistics sources include evaluation of complete history of drug use in elderly patient with co-morbidity condition, allowing approximate of collective exposure. Result data from beers criteria with PIM, modified barthel index are preferable, but elderly patient treatment data from reliable sources, for example, patient or pathology registries, and medical records are also considered. We present report to showed poly-pharmacy effects of drug use on elderly patient improvement and converse the need for employing STOPP and START criteria of PIM and PPO to avoid undesirable drug reaction causation. We emphasize that a study design of beers criteria always be considered and result of Modified barthel index shows the dependency rate in elderly patient. We also underline the need for Comorbidity analyses in geriatric patient and drug usage, as drug utilization in geriatric are prone to dose and number of drugs in treatment dependent. In the main, studies of Prescriptionanalyses like polypharmacy, PIM, PPO in prescription should explore risk Geriatric patient, the present study reveal the PIM and PPO of in prescription from six hundred and fifty geriatric patient. We conclude the pharmacoepidemiological studies of elderly patient are likely to develop significantly in the coming years, due to the rising mortality of long-term drug exposures and less awareness of poly-pharmacy result, the increasing perform of multinational studies, permiting studies of rare and common disease in elderly people, types of medication and procedural development specifically addressing geriatric treatment and long-term outcomes

Earthworms have a significant role in soil structure and organic matter dynamics. They make up a considerable amount of macrofauna biomass and are a prominent component of soil fauna communities in most habitats. Soil structure, water flow, nutrient dynamics, and plant development are all influenced by earthworms. Earthworms have long been recognized for their medicinal benefits. Because earthworm tissues are a rich source of proteins, peptides, enzymes, and physiologically active compounds, extracts produced from them have been utilized to treat a variety of illnesses. Several Investigations have found that earthworm extracts include a range of macromolecules with anti-oxidative, antibacterial, anti inflammatory, anticancer, and other properties. Some of these efforts included the use of earthworm preparation in the wound healing process. Earthworms are utilized as a part of a nutritious diet in several nations. They have a great nutritional value because of the large percentage of different proteins in their bodies. In addition to human food, earthworms are used to feed animals (fish, chicken, etc.).

Vinca alkaloids obtained from Madagascar are a subset of drugs. Generally, they are naturally extracted from the Vinca rosea plant, Catharanthus roseus G, Don and show hyperglycemia activity as well as cytotoxic effects. It is used to treat various diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, asthma, inflammation, malaria, angiogenesis, brain imbalance, dysentery, and is also used as a disinfectant that occurs due to potent microorganisms. The vinca alkaloids are played an essential role to fight cancer disease. There are some major vinca alkaloids in clinical use: Vinblastin, Vincristine, Vindesine, tabersonine, vinorelbine, and Vinpocetine, etc. The flowers juice of Vinca rosea is utilized to treat several skin problems e.g. acne, eczema, and dermatitis. According to our opinion that it may be help scientists, ayurvedic practitioners, pharmacognosists, botanists, researchers,s and students who are active in the field of medicinal plants research.

Lupus erythematous is an autoimmune illness that mostly affects women and has no recognized cause. The classical period, the neoclassical period and the modern period are the three periods in the history of lupus erythematous. Important discoveries have occurred at each period allowing for a better understanding of a conditions.Pericarditis, valvular lesions and myocardial dysfunction, particularly mild pericarditis. As a result, echocardiography should be done on SLE patients on a regular basis. Vascular blockage, including coronary arteries can occur as a result of SLE related vasculitis early atherosclerosis or antiphospholipid antibodies. The immune system of the body becomes overactive and targets normal, healthy tissue. Inflammation, swelling and damage to the skin, joints, skin, kidney, blood, heart, and lungs are among the symptoms and medicinal treatment commonly used with the help of ayurvedic treatment, allopathic treatment and homeopathic treatment.   Keywords: Diagnosis, SLE, Cardiac, Blood, Skin, Joints, Rash, Protein andimmune

Motor neuron diseases are a group of chronic sporadic and hereditary neurological disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons. These might affect the upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, or both. The prognosis of the motor neuron disease depends upon the age at onset and the area of the central nervous system affected. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been documented to be fatal within three years of onset. This activity focuses on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as the prototype of MND, which affects both the upper and the lower motor neurons and discusses the role of inter-professional team in the differential diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, and prognostication. It also discusses various other phenotypes of MND with an emphasis on their distinguishing features in requisite detail.   Keywords: ALS, MND, PMA, PLS

WHO in a recent study found a Nobel form of coronavirus in November. The variant name is given SAR-COV omicron (B.1.1.529). It is a higher number of mutation 26-32 spike. The first case of omicron was found in South Africa on November 9th. There is no further treatment are available to cure omicron in recent time according to WHO and south African few doctors say primary precautions should be taken like wear mask, wear PPE kit, hand sanitiser etc in recent time number of vaccines available in the market but there is no sign it will cure completely but some level of effectiveness against the virus

The aim of the present study was to review the streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) diabetes model. Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent (90-95%) in adults than type 1. Experimentally-induced diabetes models may be established by chemicals, viral agents, insulin antibodies, surgery, etc. The most advisable and prompt method to induce diabetes is using chemicals, and STZ and alloxan are widely used chemicals. STZ has proven to be a better diabetogenic agent than alloxan because alloxan has many drawbacks, as it induces only type 1 diabetes, has a high mortality rate in rats, and causes ketosis in animals. Moreover, it has lesser selectivity towards β-cells, and the diabetes-induced is reversible. STZ can be used to induce both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is noted that the genotoxic behavior of STZ in animals is accomplished through a reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in pancreatic β-cells via the GLUT2 (Glucose transporter 2), which can cause cellular damage by DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) strand breaks that lead to cell death. NA is a biochemical precursor of NAD+, and it is a poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitor. NAD+ is an important redox reaction co-enzyme for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and many other metabolic pathways. Extreme DNA damage contributes to the over-activation of PARP-1, loss of cellular resources, and necrotic cells death. Some studies have expressed that NA can protect pancreatic β-cells against the severe cytotoxicity of STZ. The review concluded that the STZ-NA model is dependent on the competency of NA to attain partial protection against the β-cytotoxic essence of STZ to induce type-2 diabetes.

Objective: The purpose of this research is to find the best way for designing carvedilol pulsatile drug delivery system capsules. Methods: The research paves the way to improve the method of preparing carvedilol pulsatile drug delivery by adjusting critical material attributes (CMA) such as coating polymer concentration, critical process parameters (CPP) such as inlet temperature and atomizing air pressure, and their impact on critical quality attributes (CQA) like particle size (PS in nm), entrapment efficiency in percentage (% EE) and amount of drug delivered in percent (%ADR) at 12 h in the carvedilol pulsatile pellets filled capsules by applying the BOX-BEHNKEN design. By varying the polymer concentration and process parameters, nearly 15 formulations were created. Results: Based on the influence of CMA, CPP on CQA, the formulation CP13 was determined to be the most optimized formulation among the 15 formulations. The optimized levels of CMA were found to be-1 level of coating polymer concentration and CPP was found to be-1 level of inlet temperature, 0 level of atomizing air pressure and it optimized CQA like PS was found to be 1017.5±8.4 nm, % EE was found to be 96.8±2.8 %, % ADR at 12 h was found to be 88.4±3.4 %. Carvedilol Pulsatile drug delivery system was designed by using optimized fluidized bed coater in order to decrease the usage of attributes, decrease the productivity cost and enhance the usage of specific attributes at fixed concentration for further manufacturing scale. Conclusion: By the current results it was concluded that the optimized CMA and CPP that shown in the results are the suitable attributes for the best formulation of carvedilol pulsatile drug delivery system capsules.

A specific, precise, rapid and reliable stability indicating UPLC method has been developed and validated for simultaneous separation and estimation of Epalrestat and Pregabalin in bulk drugs and marketed formulations. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a agilent Zorbax SB C18 (2.1 x 100mm, 1.8µm) column using isocratic mode of elution with 0.1% Formic acid and Acetonitrile in the ratio 60:40 v/v at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and analytes were monitored at 226nm. The retention times of Epalrestat and Pregabalin were about 0.97 and 1.27 minutes respectively. The developed method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, ruggedness and stress degradation studies were established. The results of specificity and stability studies indicate that there was no interference of diluent, excipients, and degradation products at respective retention times of analytes. The detector response was linear in the range of 10-150% level with respect to test concentration of Epalrestat and Pregabalin. Correlation coefficient (R2) was found not less than 0.999 for both analytes. The percentage assay of Epalrestat and Pregabalin were about 100.99% and 100.77% respectively. Hence, the developed method was rapid, specific, accurate and economical, and it can be used for routine analysis of these drugs in bulk and marketed formulations.

The Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years. The impressive number of modern drugs has been isolated from the natural sources many based on their use in traditional medicine. In India plant Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is one of the most useful traditional medicinal plants. All parts of coral jasmine have some medicinal value. Throughout India it is distributed, in North-western India and in the Sub-Himalayan region. Now it is considered as a valuable source of several unique products for the medicines against various diseases. The present review includes the pharmacological activity of coral jasmine.

Individuals are employing silver nanoparticles in a wide range of medications, scientific studies and medical devices, which necessitates more study in order to understand the long-term implications of exposure. It is not always possible to avoid exposure to silver nanoparticles if they are spread across a large area, such as an industrial site. Silver nanoparticles can be inhaled, ingested, or interact with the skin. People&#39;s health is impacted by several aspects, including how much exposure (how much), how long they have had it (how long it is been), what form of exposure they have used, what other chemicals present in the environment (such pesticides), and how healthy they are at the time of exposure. Toxicology following exposure to silver in a variety of ways necessitates additional investigation, even though several studies have already been published (AgNPs). Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Route of exposure, Toxicity, Biodistribution

Herbal Cosmetoceutical preparation defined as a product used to topical applied to the outer part of skin for growing skin glow and cleaning, beautifying, promoting attrattractive face, Herbal cosmetic formulation is very useful medicine for our life which remove the skin related problem of the body such as eczema, Dermatitis, body inflammation, Itching, psoriasis, Skin cancer, Acne, Some type of Fungal Infection Like Aspergillosis. Blastomycosis. Candidacies. Candida infections of the mouth, throat, and oesophagus Infection. Vaginal candidacies. Candida auris. Coccidioidomycosis, according to India cosmetics surveillance cosmetic product mainly used to women and young men beautifying cleaning of face and other body part. The herbal cosmetics preparation used generally for daily rotation include herbal face wash, herbal conditioner, herbal soap, herbal shampoo herbals creams herbal some of preparation used for daily purpose. Manly some of type herbal product used such as Turmeric, Henna palms, Sandalwood, Azadiritica indicail, Emblica officinalis etc. an herbal cosmetic have growing demand in the world market and is an invaluable gift of nature. Herbal product always has attracted considerable attention because of their good beautifying, promoting attractive skin and comparatively minimum or nil adverse effect with synthetic medicine. Herbs and spices have been used in maintaining and enhancing human beauty.

Adansonia digitata is a unique tree with their tender root, twigs, seeds, leaves, tubers, fruits and flowers which are edible. The Adansonia are also used for treat of various types of disease disorder due to their nutritional and chemical contents. This plant is mostly found in South Africa and Asian countries. In this paper, we represent the nutritional benefits of Adansonia digitata tree parts vise its fruits pulp, seeds, and leaves etc. The medicinal properties of the tree parts as well as the medicinal compound contained are discussed on addition. In this paper, the nutrition benefits of seeds oil are concluded use as premium oil.