Detection of antimicrobial resistance via state-of-the-art technologies versus conventional methods

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as one of the foremost global health challenges, complicating the treatment of infectious diseases and contributing to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Traditionally, microbiological culture and susceptibility testing methods, such as disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, have been employed to identify AMR bacteria. However, these conventional techniques are often labor intensive and time consuming and lack the requisite sensitivity for the early detection of resistance. Recent advancements in molecular and genomic technologies—such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), PCR-based diagnostic methods, and CRISPR-based diagnostics—have revolutionized the diagnosis of AMR. These innovative approaches provide increased sensitivity, reduced turnaround times, and the ability to identify genetic resistance mechanisms. This review seeks to examine the advantages and disadvantages of both emerging technologies and traditional methods for detecting AMR, emphasizing the potential benefits and limitations inherent to each. By understanding the strengths and limitations of these technologies, stakeholders, including researchers, healthcare professionals, regulatory agencies, health authorities, financial managers, and patients, can make informed decisions aimed at preventing the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant strains, thereby ultimately increasing patient safety.