Madhur Gupta

Background: Self-medication is widely used in both urban and rural people around the world, even in developing nations like India. Inappropriate self-medication can squander resources, increase microbial resistance, and pose serious health hazards regardless of whether it can help in the prevention and treatment of illnesses that do not require medical attention. Materials and Methods: To determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 200 participants on self-medication, a cross-sectional study using questionnaires was conducted. Result: On the recommendation of pharmacists, 45.5% of respondents used self-medication in the previous six months. About 83% of respondents thought self-medication was harmful if it was used without proper knowledge of drugs and diseases, 69% thought pharmacists were good resources for advice and information about minor medical issues, 59% thought self-medication was acceptable in some situations, and 34% thought a drug's effectiveness was unrelated to its price. Self-medication was favoured by the majority of respondents (38%) for minor illnesses like coughs, colds, and fevers. Due to time savings, participants' confidence in their own medical expertise, the expensive cost of visiting a doctor, and the clinic's distance from their homes, self-medication was chosen. Conclusion: Even though self-medication has negative effects, many nevertheless do it since it's more convenient. The general public should therefore be made aware of the potential risks associated with self-medication.   Keywords: Self­medication, General population, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice

Background The Government of India launched SWAYAM, one of the largest Massive Open Online Courses platforms in the world, in 2016 with the primary goal of assisting in the provision of open-access online courses. The purpose of the current study was to assess the awareness and utilization of SWAYAM courses among health science teaching faculties. Material and Method A cross-sectional questionnaire-based online survey was conducted among health science faculties. Frequency and percentage data were studied for online responses. Result We observed that out of 311 participants, 126 (40.5%) were aware of SWAYAM massive open online platform, of which only 46(36.5%) had registered for SWAYAM massive open online courses. The most common reason for registration in the portal was to complete the mandatory basic research course and for getting certificate. Out of 46 participants enrolled in SWAYAM, 33(71.7%) could not complete their courses on SWAYAM platform, the most common reason for not completing being lack of time 18(55%).The commonest reason for non-enrollment (n = 185) observed was unawareness about courses on SWAYAM (51.4%) and preference to learn in classroom with others (15.8%). About the need of any awareness program regarding SWAYAM courses in their institute, most of them (84.9%) were willing for the same. Conclusion Our survey revealed that SWAYAM this platform has its positive way of self-gaining knowledge, even at the grassroots level. Even though not many people are aware of the portal, mandates and requirements encourage people to self-enroll. Percolation of the concept of SWAYAM portal to individuals by the higher authorities is a must for proper utilization of the online MOOC platform.

Periodontal diseases comprise of a group of inflammatory conditions of the supporting tissues of the teeth that are initiated by microorganism. The removal or inhibition of sub,gingival plaque and maintenance is dependent on continued plaque control for which adjunctive local antimicrobial therapy has shown promising results. In the present study, we explored the efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract gel as a local drug delivery in the treatment of patients with chronic periodontitis and evaluated the clinical as well as the microbiological benefits when used as an adjunct to scaling and root planning. Method: 20 patients with chronic periodontitis in the age group of 30-55 years, with pocket depth of > 5mm with radiographic evidence of bone loss participated in the study. Following scaling and root planing the neem extract gel and placebo gel were placed at the experimental and control sites respectively. The clinical parameters were recorded at baseline, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months while the microbiological parameters were recorded at baseline, 7 days, 15 days and 30 days respectively. Results: The results showed improvements in the clinical parameters both at the control and the experimental sites. However, the experimental sites showed better results compared to the control site. The microbiological analysis proved a relative reduction of the periodontal pathogens at both the experimental as well as the control site with the control site showing a significantly higher reduction. Conclusion: Neem extract gel produced more improvements in clinical as well as microbiological parameters than the control. The approach of local delivery of a natural extract with no known side effects has proved promising results.

The issue of laboratory critical value (CV) reporting has gained importance in the recent times due to the national focus on patient safety. Critical value notification (CVN) has become an essential part of accreditation procedures for medical laboratories, including the universally accepted International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15189: 2012. Our study aimedto analyze the critical value data in hematology and biochemistry sections of the laboratory, to compare the frequencies of critical values for different parameters and to suggest measures for improving the effectiveness and operational efficiency of the critical value notification process. Our study was a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study done over a period of one year six months (January 2020 to June 2021). The parameters chosen for CVN included platelets, hemoglobin and International Normalized Ratio (INR) from hematology section and creatinine, glucose, sodium, potassium and calcium from the biochemistry section. A test result that was significantly outside the normal range and that required immediate communication was considered as a “critical value (CV)”. Both verbal (through telephone) and non-verbal [through short message service (SMS)] communication processes for CVN were implemented in our lab. We also followed the practice of CV “read-back” by the person who was informed over the phone. A total of 2199 critical values were reported. A maximum of 1224 (55.7%) critical values were recorded from the emergency department. CVs were highest from biochemistry (1898, 86.3%) section. Analyte most commonly notified was creatinine (1151, 52.3%). CVNs were maximum in the morning shifts (1378, 62.7%). Implementation of the critical alert short message service (SMS) send outs has greatly helped us in reducing the CV turn around time (TAT). Our study has successfully demonstrated the importance of both verbal and non-verbal communication processes for notification of CVs.

Background: With the emergence of a novel human corona virus, it is believed that persons with underlying health conditions or co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus, have an increasingly rapid and severe progression, often leading to death. India as a country has demonstrated an escalating prevalence of diabetes not only in urban populations, but also in rural populations as a result of the urbanization of lifestyle parameters. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 250 diagnosed diabetic patients of age group 18-60 years attending outpatient department of Rural Health Training Centre affiliated to the tertiary care hospital. Result: The responses were tabulated and analyzed for frequencies and percentage. We observed that 70% of diabetic patients of rural population were aware about the high risk of Covid-19 infection in diabetics. Half of the diabetic patients in our study were aware of the technique of hand washing and importance of wearing mask as a precautionary measure in this COVID era. Conclusion: Prevention is of utmost importance, but for the millions of diabetics managing their disease must remain the priority. Sensitization of population with co-morbidities regarding self-care and precautionary measures must be implemented at root level. Keywords: Awareness, COVID­19, Diabetic population, Preventive measures, Rural area

Background: The COVID pandemic has caused drastic changes in education systems in the world. The government enforced the restriction of all the educational institutions all over the country and also throughout the world. Due to shut down of institutions, the mode of learning shifted from on-site, in person learning to online, virtual mode. Thanks to the advancement of the technology and sciences, we were able to connect students to their professional world virtually. The study intends to acknowledge the student’s mentality while attending online classroom and also highlighting the challenges faced due to the online education. Materials and Methods: The study was based on descriptive cross-sectional study and conducted through consented online survey where forms were distributed via social media. A total of 320 participants consented for the survey and willingly participated for it. Results: The survey showed that though the online mode of study was helpful in keeping up with the education, barriers can lead to obstruction for the fluidity of education. Conclusion: We should come up with more innovative ideas to connect students and professors with minimal barriers between them. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. For reprints contact: reprint@ipinnovative.com

Abstract The latest pandemic coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been linked with mounting morbidity and mortality and this has shocked the existence of the world-wide population. Human activities and acquaintance of the biochemical parameters in medical students during the crisis is important so that they can transmit the correct information to the society. A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted in students of first professional year of medicine. An online validated questionnaire was posted. This was followed by a lecture on the same topic and then a post test to assess the gain in knowledge was conducted on the students.100 students participated in this learning endeavour. Most respondents had good acquaintance about the corona virus infection and its associated sign and symptoms. They were conscious of particulars like the contributory factors of COVID-19 disease (91%), the causative factors (92.7%) ,and the precautionary measures to be taken like washing of hands and wearing the face mask. The knowledge regarding the changes in biochemical parameters CRP , LDH , ferritin, procalcitonin, D-dimer in COVID-19 was better in the post test Such interventions should be a part of the learning process in the initial phases of medical education since it will act to generate a human resource in health care during the pandemic. Keywords: Knowledge, first professional, medicine, COVID-19, biochemical parameters, investigations, education

Abstract Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a pandemic and usually under-diagnosed, under-treated nutritional deficiency globally. Among the Indian population, VDD may be due to lower dietary vit D and calcium intake, low socioeconomic status, etc. VDD can manifest as delayed tooth eruption, absence of secondary dentin formation, altered coronal pulp morphology, enlarged pulp space, and high pulp horns. Radiographic changes can be detected by various advanced imaging techniques but with multiple drawbacks. Intraoral radiographs (IOPA) can be an easy, chair-side and routine method of detecting coronal pulp morphology (CPM) changes due to VDD. Aims and Objectives: To assess correlation of vit D deficiency (VDD) and changes in coronal pulp morphology (CPM) using dental radiographs among young adults. Material and Methods: 60 subjects were included in the study and divided into two groups: one with CPM changes and the second group without CPM changes. All the subjects underwent digital intraoral imaging and serum evaluation for vit D. The subjects were classified into deficient, optimal, and overdose categories. At the same time, the tooth morphology was divided into normal and chair/constricted types. Results: The correlation of vitamin D levels with the pulp horn heightof all three molars were negative and statistically insignificant. Pulp chamber height and width showed negligible and insignificant relationships with vitamin D levels. Conclusion: This study could not prove a significant correlation, but the data generated might help carry out advanced research in a related context. Using an Intraoral Periapical radiograph for evaluating VDD can also be a baseline screening in largepopulations in the future.

Abstract Background: There is a feeling of uncertainty in the COVID era and the graduate students are facing the challenge of being disconnected from the college. Mentorship has been shown to be essential for the attainment of skills as well as psychological development. The mentor-mentee relationship is a continuous process to dissolve the boundaries, and hence, e-mentoring could be one of the ways in which both the students and teachers connect. Material and Methods: A mentorship program called e-anubandh was designed and implemented. Six hundred medical undergraduate students were grouped with 47 faculty and 94 senior students. An online session was conducted in groups. At the end of the mentorship program, the feedback and perception of the mentors and mentees were taken using both open-ended as well as closed-ended validated questionnaires. Results: A total of 308 (out of 438 who participated) students, 94 senior mentors and 47 faculty mentors, completed the feedback questionnaire. The majority considered the initiative taken by the institute worth appreciating. The mentees and mentors found the program useful in building student–teacher relationships. They opined that such programs should be undertaken more frequently and for longer durations. Conclusion: The e-anubandh mentorship program helped in bridging the gap between the students and teachers created in the COVID era. Both the mentors and mentees were extremely satisfied with this program and such intervention appears to be a promising strategy in the COVID period.

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the serum and salivary ghrelin and cortisol levels in smokers and non-smokers with Stage III Periodontitis. Methods: The present study comprised of a total of 90 systemically healthy patients categorized in three groups: Group I- Periodontally healthy patients; Group II-Non-smokers with Stage III Periodontitis and Group III-Smokers with Stage III periodontitis. Clinical parameters of Probing pocket depth (PPD), Clinical attachment levels (CAL), Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI) and Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) were recorded and biochemical parameters of serum and salivary ghrelin and cortisol levels were analyzed via Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Stress levels were assessed using Zung's self-rating depression scale. Results: Serum and salivary ghrelin values were found to be higher in Group II (620.25 ± 260.86 pg/mL, 892.40 ± 271.65 pg/mL respectively) as compared to Group III. Similarly, salivary as well as serum cortisol levels were higher in Group III (20.78 ± 9.23 pg/mL, 399.37 ±189.21 pg/mL respectively) as compared to Group II (16.36 ± 8.88 pg/mL, 320.68 ± 107.01 pg/mL respectively). In Group III, a direct correlation was observed between stress, serum and salivary cortisol levels while an inverse correlation was found between stress, serum and salivary ghrelin levels. Group III showed a greater number of depressed patients followed by Group II and I. Conclusion: As per the results smokers with Stage III Periodontitis exhibit an elevated stress and cortisol levels, lower serum and salivary ghrelin levels as compared to the non-smokers. Keywords: Stage III periodontitis; cortisol; ghrelin; smoking; stress.

Objectives During menopause, women may experience some physical changes that can affect their psychological status. Oxidative stress also increases with menopause, as decreasing levels of estrogen reinforce the deterioration of antioxidant status. To assess total antioxidative capacity, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase and the correlation between psychological status and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. Methods This cross-sectional study was undertaken on 100 postmenopausal women (40–59 years). Blood malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidative capacity were analyzed, and psychological status was assessed using Rosenberg's self-esteem test, Zung's self-rating anxiety scale, and Zung's self-rating depression scale. Results Of the women, 38.0% had mild to moderate symptoms of anxiety (mean ± standard deviation, 50.15 ± 4.89), 21.0% showed depression, and 19.0% had low self-esteem. Twelve percent of the study population had mild to moderate symptoms of all three disorders. A statistically significant difference was found in the scores of anxiety and self-esteem (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001 in women with and without psychological disturbances, respectively). With regard to oxidative stress parameters, only superoxide dismutase levels showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001), with lower levels found in women with psychological disturbance. Conclusions Women with depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are in an oxidative challenge, which might be associated with estrogen depletion. A lower superoxide dismutase level is associated with higher depression and anxiety scores in postmenopausal women. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Anxiety, Depression, Superoxide dismutase, Postmenopause

BACKGROUND The global health care system has been impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdowns have been imposed to stop the virus from spreading. Due to rapid spread of corona virus, citizens are facing fear, anxiety, and depression directly affecting their mental health. Adults having poor health are at a higher risk of being infected. This situation has created a stressful atmosphere and resulted in the development of many psychological problems in individuals. Those having pre-existing conditions or co-morbidities have higher mortality risk as compared to healthy individuals. Hence, the issue is more common in people having co-morbidities, with diabetes mellitus being one common among them. We wanted to study the psychological impact mainly stress in diabetic population residing in rural setup in this era of Covid-19 outbreak. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 381 diagnosed diabetic patients attending outpatient department of Rural Health Training Centre affiliated to the tertiary care hospital. The collected data was entered and also analyzed for percentage, mean, standard deviation and variation coefficient. RESULTS Approximately half (51.96 %) of the participants reported a stress of moderate level during Covid-19 with mean [+ or -] SD (20.07 [+ or -] 3.83), overall mean was (21.55 [+ or -] 8.67) and the variation coefficient was 40.22%. The variance in stress level in diabetics with HbA1c levels of less than 6 %, 6 - 8 % and 8 % depicting the various levels of control of diabetes was 39.36, 40.84 and 40.50 respectively. Similarly the variance coefficient among stress was 42.39, 41.34, 34.65 and 32.12 % when the duration of diabetes was compared in the respondents indicating that the stress level was widely distributed amongst all the participants. CONCLUSIONS Strategies need to be implemented to take care of mental health in diabetic patients especially in this Covid pandemic era. KEY WORDS Stress, COVID-19 Pandemic, Diabetes Mellitus, Rural Population

Abstract Context: Literature indicates that there is changing response of students towards this chosen field which is worrisome. The deviation from concept building to only passing can threat the knowledge gain in the process. Honesty and integrity and habit of asking why, is becoming extinct. Aims: The objective of the present study is to know the mindset of students towards academics, differences in their perceptions in the willingness, their interest in the way of teaching. Study also addresses to find if the students are unable to perform in their practical and clinical areas and to help the students to see the factors responsible for their decreasing performance, if any. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was carried out at NKP Salve Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre & Lata Mangeshkar Hospital, Nagpur Material and methods: 258 students from all the years of MBBS were given validated questionnaire which had 25 closed ended and two open ended questions. Questions regarding their interest and focus on studies, about the teaching and lastly their views about current situations or the change they want to see were asked. Results: About 71.4% students agreed that the curriculum was interesting. Around 76.8% students showed interest in the academics. 45.4% find the teaching pattern good. 64% felt pressured by PG entrance. % agreed that extra private classes for PG entrance is taking them away from present studies. About 53.9% have a goal of only passing exams. 57.7% medicos do not take distinction as a success. more than 60% felt that curriculum is designed properly. Almost 45% disagreed that 75% attendance should be taken seriously by the institute.

ABSTRACT : Nowadays, technology has obviously made our lives easier. That means internet technology has been considered as an important medium for many aspects of our lives including academic learning. This study examines the extent to which MBBS first year students use e-resources for learning as well as to assess knowledge, habits of first MBBS students . A questionnaire of fifteen questions on various aspects of e-learning was administered to the first MBBS students online in google form . The data generated from responses was compiled and analyzed on SPSS to get insight on various aspects of e-learning. Out of 150 students 132 participated in study. 58.3 % students felt convenience is the important feature of elearning. Majority of students (52.3%) feel elearning along with Traditional teaching is favourable alternative. This study concludes that the majority of first MBBS students use e-resources for learning various topics specialy animation. . So esources suppliments the traditional teaching in first year mbbs student. KEYWORDS: Perception, First MBBS students, e-Learning, Knowledge

ABSTRACT: Background: COVID-19 pandemic is being transmitted rapidly across the globe. The best way of averting the spread is to know about its prevention strategy and act accordingly. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based online survey regarding health-seeking behavioral intentions and prevention practices of medical undergraduates during COVID-19 lockdown period was conducted. Responses were analyzed for number and percentage. Results: 84.89% of students were aware of Arogya Setu App. 76.10% were willing to participate in the training of COVID-19 to work as a frontline worker and 91.76% students were ready to work in hospitals in case the need arises. Precautionary measures such as hand washing (90.66%), using hand sanitizer (83.79%) and wearing a face mask (93.68%) were adopted by most of the participants. ConclusionThe medical students have good behavioral intentions and prevention practices and could spread this knowledge to the society and help in curbing the menace of COVID -19. Key words: Behavioral intentions, Prevention practices, COVID-19 lockdown, Medical undergraduates.

Objective: Objective of the present study is to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of universal work precautions amongst medical laboratory technicians in private hospitals. Methodology: Cross-sectional study of health care workers was conducted using a pretested self-administered questionnaire, which enquired about knowledge, attitude and practices of universal work precautions. The hepatitis B vaccination statuses were also asked. Results: 200 questionnaires were administered to laboratory technicians and 154 of them were returned giving a response rate of 77%. All the participants wear gloves during laboratory work but 81.2% wear a single pair. 17.5 % of the participants claimed to know what to do if exposed to infection. 45.6% of the participants eat in the laboratory, 47.0% of them store foods and water in the refrigerators, 31.5% of them put on cosmetics in the laboratory, 12.6% smoke in the laboratory, 10.0% cut their finger nails with teeth in the laboratory. 91.5% are not immunized against hepatitis B virus (HBV). 99.0% of them do not take shower immediately after laboratory work. 82.0% of the participants do not feel that the use of masks is necessary in laboratory. Conclusion: It is concluded that the knowledge, attitude, perception, and compliance with universal work precautions amongst laboratory technicians are poor.

Background: A sense of discontent with services of medical practitioners and growing reliance on alternative medicine with increased public awareness, negative publicity leads to increased lawsuits against medical professionals. Medical ethics training provides a basis for balancing one’s obligation to patient and practice, as well as responsibility to those seeking medical care. Aims and Objectives: To assess medical students’ knowledge and attitude towards medical ethics. Material and Method: A cross-sectional questionnairebased study among 246 medical undergraduates was conducted. Data was analyzed for percentage, mean and ‘t’ test. Results: Majority knew importance of medical ethics in medical profession and existence of institutional ethics committee. 84.9% agreed that written informed consent should be mandatory. Response was statistically significant regarding confidentiality (p=0.001883), utmost respect for human life (p=0.00542) and respect for dignity and privacy of patient (p=0.001408). 80.4% disagreed that ethical conduct is important only to avoid legal action. 82.5% agreed strongly to integrate medical ethics in medical curriculum. Conclusion: Though students had adequate knowledge about medical ethics, reinforcement at all levels of medical education is necessary.

Background: Oncostatin M (OSM) is the cytokine from the family of interleukin-6. Inflammation, tissue turnover, healing, and repair alter the levels of OSM. The present study was aimed to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum OSM levels in clinically healthy, chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and subsequently after nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Materials and Methods: Sixty patients were equally divided into four groups as healthy, chronic gingivitis, CP, and CP with NSPT were included in this study. After 6 weeks of initial periodontal therapy the clinical parameters were measured and OSM levels in GCF and serum were assessed by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The levels of OSM in GCF and serum increased significantly with severity of periodontal disease. There was a significant decrease in OSM levels in GCF and serum in CP with NSPT group. Conclusion: GCF and serum OSM levels can be considered as an appropriate biomarker to be correlated with the severity of periodontal disease. Thus, the increased OSM levels suggest its role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and prevent systemic complications.

Objective: Limited data are available with respect to the relation of vitamin D and calcium with periodontal infections and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the levels of vitamin D and calcium in serum of periodontally healthy, chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients with and without T2DM. Material and methods: The study evaluated 100 patients equally divided into five groups (Group I to Group V) according to the inclusion criteria. Clinical parameters and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level were assessed. Other laboratory investigations comprised of random blood sugar, glycated haemoglobin and serum calcium. Results: The probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were found to be greater in chronic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis with diabetes mellitus, while the vitamin D and calcium levels were found to be least in these groups. When vitamin D and calcium levels were compared between periodontal disease with diabetes to that of non-diabetics, statistically significant difference were found between the two with p-value of .001 indicating decrease in levels of vitamin D and calcium with increase in RBS and HbA1c values. Conclusion: Vitamin D and calcium levels are inversely correlated with random blood sugar and glycated haemoglobin and also probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss, thus contributing towards increase in periodontal disease severity. Keywords: Calcium; gingivitis; periodontitis; vitamin D.

MCQ are used more often to assess students of different educational fields for their objectivity. Making a fair analysis of students performance can be a challenging job. Item analysis of MCQ`s is one of the suggested method for analysis. 60 MCQS were randomly selected which were given to 1st M.B.B.S. students in term and prelim exam. Item analysis was done by calculating difficulty index [DIF] and Discrimination index [DI]. In the result we concluded that out of 60, 9MCQS were in very difficult value, 28 in easy and 22 in acceptable. 16 MCQS were in 0.2 discrimination and 46 were in less than .2 discrimination index. So these MCQ`s were fairly distributed in nature. Keywords: MCQs, Biochemistry, Item analysis.

Introduction: DE novo synthesis of fatty acid is one of the complex metabolic pathway amongst the Biochemistry curriculum for first MBBS students. Fatty acid synthase multi enzyme complex (FAS-MEC) is key enzyme and teaching its three-dimensional structure, its loading with substrate and reactions of this pathway has been a challenge for teachers. Objectives: Our study aims at designing role play as a teaching learning method to illustrate and simplify De novo synthesis of fatty acid. The objectives were to analyze the perception of first M.B.B.S. students and teachers about role play as a method of teaching. Materials and Methods: Role play was designed to illustrate structure and function of FAS-MEC. 12 students from first MBBS enacted the role of various enzymes of FAS-MEC and the metabolites of the pathway. Biochemical reactions were demonstrated with help of the placards. Views of 150 Students and 10 teachers were analyzed with help of Likert’s score based pre-validated questionnaire. Results and Discussion: Teaching by role play was highly appreciated by the students & teachers as it helped them to understand mechanism of FAS –MEC & structure. They felt that it may improve their retention of knowledge and enhance reproducibility with effective teacher student communication. In accordance with the past studies, both group felt that role play is an effective teaching learning tool and power point presentations can be used to reinforce the topic. Conclusion: Despite growing digitalization constitutional methods of teaching like role play is appreciated by students and teachers as a useful and effective teaching learning tool. Keywords: Biochemistry, Fatty acid synthase multi enzyme complex, Role play, Teaching learning tool.

Background: Undergraduate medical curriculum have defined objectives and competences that medical student need to acquire. Basic practical skills are one of them and assessment through objectivity and structuring of questions has gained importance in the practical evaluation. Aims & Objective: To determine the student and faculty perception regarding OSPE as a method of assessment of competence in Biochemistry practical session as against the conventional method. Material and Method: The study was conducted on 150 first MBBS students. After the orientation, students were assessed by conventional method initially and then by OSPE for their practical skills. Assessment of perception was done by taking feedback from the students and faculties using reflection, structured questionnaire and marks obtained by student’s by the two methods. Result: There was no significant difference in the mean of students’ score in OSPE with conventional method. In both the assessments students believed that questions were linked to the curriculum with clear objectives. 77.9% agreed that OSPE reduced bias and there was uniformity in assessment. 58.2% preferred it over conventional exams, 77.9% wanted OSPE to be continued as a regular assessment tool despite being time consuming and stressful. 40.15%students reflected that the time given was too short in OSPE. Faculties’ feedback reflected that apart from well known advantages of OSPE, there was a scope of giving immediate feedback in the conventional method and hence should be included for formative assessment. Conclusion: OSPE was well appreciated by the students. OSPE tests different components of competency better and it should be included in summative evaluation to improve students’ performance

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of unknown etiology affecting approximately 7% of the women in reproductive age.It is generally characterized by menstrual irregularity, subfertility, hirsutism, acne and abnormal biochemistry with raised serum testosterone, androstenedione, and insulin and luteinizing hormone levels. Leptin regulates energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function, and metabolism.There is a direct relationship that exists between serum leptin and insulin resistance which forms a traditional risk factor for cardiovascular risks mainly including atherosclerotic vascular disease. Material and Methods: A group of 30 non-obese women suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome were considered. Their blood samples were collected and tested for serum leptin, insulin and blood glucose. The values were correlated with BMI (body mass index) values and the conclusions were made. Result: Mean serum leptin level recorded was 4.929 ng/ml and the HOMA value ranged from 1.5- 3.0. The Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient was +1.00, which indicates a positive relationship between the two values. Conclusion: We report that there is a direct relationship between serum leptin levels in females suffering from polycystic ovarian disorder. This information can be used to assess the risk of cardiovascular disorders in these particular subjects. Keywords: Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Serum leptin, insulin, Cardiovascular risk.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum leptin levels and glycemic status in periodontally healthy patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Ninety patients were divided into three groups: periodontally healthy (group 1), CP (group 2) and CP with T2DM (group 3). The groups were evaluated for clinical parameters of probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index, gingival index, biochemical parameters of GCF, serum leptin levels, and glycemic status pre- and post-NSPT. Results: The baseline PPD and CAL for group 2 was 4.98 ± 0.49 mm and 5.35 ± 0.55 mm, respectively; for group 3 it was 5.60 ± 0.38 mm and 6.01 ± 0.38 mm, respectively. There was a considerable reduction in these parameters post-NSPT, with group 2 showing better resolution. Pretreatment serum leptin levels revealed increasing values from group 1 to group 3 and decreasing GCF values from group 3 to group 1, exhibiting an inverse relationship. Group 3 also showed an improvement in glycemic status post-NSPT. Conclusion: NSPT was effective in improving clinical parameters, increasing GCF, reducing serum leptin levels, and also improving glycemic status in patients with CP and CP with T2DM.

Since decades, Forensic Medicine is mainly taught by didactic methods but in last couple of years some other teachinglearning and assessment methods are also introduced at some places which also lacks uniformity. Feedback from learners is most fundamental aspect to assess effectiveness of applied methods, but is not implemented in practice at most medical schools in India. Unfortunately, medical students are deprived of this practical empowerment and thus may not be efficient enough to contribute potentially to the justice system during their professional life. In order to improve their efficiency in the field, we introduced few innovative teaching-learning methods and documented their perceptions.

Background: The objective of this study is to assess the association of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and homocysteine (Hcy) levels in premenopausal females with and without cardiovascular disease. Methods: A case control study was conducted in premenopausal, menopausal and normal fertile females (n=30) with and without cardiovascular disease in a tertiary care hospital and research centre in central India. Fasting sample obtained was assessed for AMH and Hcy levels. Results were compared and data was analyzed. Results: The levels of AMH and Hcy were significantly altered in premenopausal and menopausal females as compared to normal fertile females. Moreover, there was a weak correlation when intergroup comparison was made between the parameters in females with and without cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: A prospective study with a larger sample size to assess levels of AMH need to be performed to provide insight in premenopausal females for the early detection cardiovascular disease.

Click here to view optimized website for mobile devices Table of Contents ORIGINAL ARTICLE Year : 2018 | Volume : 13 | Issue : 4 | Page : 195-198 Association between C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels in subclinical hypothyroid patients Satya Devi Uppu, Madhur Gupta Department of Biochemistry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India Date of Web Publication 16-Apr-2019 Correspondence Address: Dr. Madhur Gupta Department of Biochemistry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Digdoh Hill, Hingna Road, Nagpur - 440 019, Maharashtra India Login to access the Email id Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None Crossref citations Check DOI: 10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_6_18 Rights and Permissions Abstract Background: The relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and cardiovascular disease has been one of the most popular topics recently. Our study aims to investigate the presence of the well-known preceding clinical situations of atherosclerosis such as endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in SCH. Materials and Methods: The study population comprised 50 patients with recently diagnosed SCH and 50 healthy controls. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were estimated by enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay for the diagnosis of SCH. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) were estimated by kit method in Siemens machine. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and very LDLC were calculated using Friedewald formula. Inflammatory marker C-reactive protein was estimated by kit method in Siemens and IL-6 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: In this study, the level of TSH ± standard deviation (8.56 ± 1.26 vs. 0.63 ± 0.16) was significantly higher (

Hand-Sewn Cystogastrostomy Usingthe Novel Single-Incision Laparoscopy withFlexible-Tip LaparoscopeRami Lutfi, MD, FACS,1Brahm Jyot, MD,2Michael Rossi, MD,2Erin Jefferson, MS,3and George Salti, MD, FACS4AbstractLaparoscopy performed through a single incision has been increasingly reported as a novel technique im-plemented in a wide variety of surgical procedures. We report what we believe to be the first case of cysto-gastrostomy for treatment of a pancreatic pseudocyst using this technique. Patient developed pancreaticpseudocyst after severe biliary pancreatitis. The cyst was noted to increase in size on follow-up computedtomography scans. In addition, patient developed symptoms requiring intervention

BACKGROUND:Road traffic accident is a preventable global disaster. In developing countries, the existing road safety policies are ineffective in preventing casualties, mainly because of lack of knowledge regarding the same in the general population. The early assessment of awareness of driving safety measures in general population will thus go a long way to help in reducing existing high fatalities. MATERIALAND METHODS: Aclose ended questionnaire based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 participants of age 16 years and above with a valid driving license to assess the awareness regarding driving safety measures. The data was collected and analyzed for number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: 80.8% of the urban population and 60.5% of the rural population were aware of the legal age for driving vehicles. Majority of the participants were aware regarding wearing helmets while driving. Use of seatbelt and prohibition of alcohol intake while driving was comparatively less in rural population. Awareness of prohibition of use of mobile phone while driving and sign of speed limit was observed in 2/3rd of the population. Less than half of the rural population was unaware of the basic traffic signs like stop, no parking, no horn, school ahead, and one way. CONCLUSION:Awareness regarding driving safety measures in general population was comparatively less among rural population than urban. Traffic awareness campaigns in hospitals in association with Regional Transport Office would be one of the beneficial measures to minimize fatalities arising due to lack of knowledge of safe driving measures.

Background: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between various personality traits and academic performance of undergraduate health science students.

Background: Hypothyroidism has been associated with disorders of glucose and insulin metabolism involving defective insulin secretion in response to glucose, hyperinsulinemia, altered peripheral glucose disposal and insulin resistance. Assessment of insulin resistance and homocysteine may help identifying subjects at high risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Aim and Objectives: The present study was designed to assess the susceptibility of hypothyroid patients to CVD by determining the relationship between Homocysteine (HCY) and Insulin Resistance (IR). Material and Methods: One hundred patients of hypothyroidism in the age group of 18-45 years was included in this cross sectional study. Homocysteine and insulin was estimated by ELISA method. Homeostasis Model of Assessment (HOMA) which is an index for IR was used to measure insulin resistance. Results: In the present study hypothyroid patients had several fold increase in insulin levels demonstrating IR by increased HOMA index and also increased homocysteine levels which may play an important role in pathogenesis of complications of thyroid hormone. In our study there was significant positive correlation between TSH and serum insulin values r= 0.447 and also homocysteine r= 0.302. We also found positive correlation between IR and homocysteine in hypothyroid patients with r= 0.295. Conclusion: Therefore to conclude our study emphasised the importance of TSH that is positively correlated with IR and homocysteine independent of thyroid hormones. Homocysteine and IR both are associated with endothelial dysfunction and are common mediators in the pathogenesis of accelerated atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications.

Background: Developing countries like ours are facing burden of road traffic accidents which causes unnatural deaths primarily involving the age group of 15-40 years, the most productive group. Being young generation in the community, medical students will be able to spread awareness of road safety measures to prevent RTA. Hence, the present study was focused to assess the current knowledge and practice of road safety measures among medical students. Material and Method: A questionnaire based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 medical students (133 Males and 167 Females). The data was analyzed for percentage, mean, standard deviation, t test and Chi-square test. Results: We observed that 295(98.3%) of the students were aware about the term road safety measures, the common source of information was media 203(67.7%). Almost all students used their own vehicles for transport instead of public transport services. In our study, we found that overall knowledge of road safety measures among medical students was satisfactory, but practice of road safety measures was not satisfactory. Conclusion: We concluded that road traffic accidents are avoidable by proper sense of road safety measures. Safe driving practices should be encouraged. Orientation programs should be conducted periodically to reinforce not only the knowledge but also the safe practices in youngsters along with strict implementation of legislative measures. Keywords: Knowledge, Practice, Road safety measures, Medicals students, Questionnaire based.

Increase in serum conjugated bilirubin than total bilirubin is rare. Further investigations to identify the source of interference needs to be assessed for the interpretation and reporting. Our communication demonstrates that paraproteins specially IgM was the source of interference and should be thought of and analysed in case of such abnormal fin estimation of bilirubin.

Vitiligo vulgaris is an autoimmune disease of the skin characterized by depigmented macules. Apart from autoimmune etiology, damage to melanocytes by oxidative stress has been postulated as one of the causative factors in pathogenesis of vitiligo. The current study was conducted at our tertiary care center to estimate oxidative stress in the blood of patients suffering from vitiligo. A total of 40 patients were included after informed consent. All treatment-naïve patients of vitiligo of >15 years of age of either sex and those patients who have not received systemic treatment in the last 3months for vitiligo or topical treatment in the last 2 weeks were included. Detailed history was taken and clinical assessment of vitiligo was done. Venous blood samples were collected for estimation of Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) which is considered as markers for oxidative stress in the blood. Majority of vitiligo cases belonged to younger age groups. A total of 60% cases were in the age group of 16–25years followed by 20% in 26–35years. A total of 50% cases were having active or unstable disease while 50% cases were having stable disease. As assessed by MDA, 35/36(97.22%) was found to have raised oxidant stress. As assessed by GPX, all i.e. 36/36 patients were (100%) were found to have raised oxidant stress. As assessed by SOD, 34/36 (94.44%) were found to have raised oxidant stress. Mean values of MDA in our patients were 4.3±2.75SD nmol/ml. Mean values of GPx in our patients were 2864±1008SD u/l. Mean values of SOD were 97.11±91.46SD u/ml. Mean values of MDA, GPX and SOD in matched controls were 0.91±0.21SD nmol/ml, 6058.60±1694SD u/l and 189.43±23.57SD u/ml respectively. As compared to controls, increased MDA levels and reduced GPX and SOD levels were suggestive of oxidative stress in patients of vitiligo in our study. More studies of relatively larger sample size are required to further confirm these variations of MDA, SOD and GPx in the blood.

Introduction: Prolactin (PRL) has been implicated in keratinocyte hyperproliferation and thus may have an effect on the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis. Researchers have reported inconsistent data on the levels of serum prolactin in patients with chronic plaque type of psoriasis vulgaris (PV) depending on the PASI scale (severity index), with very few studies specifically on males. The present study was carried out to evaluate the serum levels of prolactin in male patients with PV depending on the PASI scale. Material and Methods: A case control study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. After IEC approval, 50 patients newly diagnosed males of PV were compared with 50 normal healthy controls for levels of prolactin. Serum prolactin was measured by enzyme linked fluorescence assay. Results: Serum prolactin was significantly raised (p

Background: Presently there is a linguistic dualism i.e. thinking in one language and studying in the other. Proficiency in English is the need of the hour. However, for some an abrupt change in the medium of language along with introduction of terminologies can become a potential barrier to academic success. Methods: A questionnaire based study was carried out in 150 students and 25 teachers of first MBBS. Results: Majority of the students and teachers considered that English as a medium of instruction is not a problem. They also opined that English should be retained as a medium of instruction since it is of global importance; use of regional /national language should be allowed since it will help in dealing with patients and thus better patient care. Conclusions: Since English is the language of global importance, medical teachers should work together to find out a practical approach in addressing some of the problem areas faced by few medical students to help them perform better as an Indian medical graduate. Keywords: English, Medical students, Perception

Abstract Undergraduate medical research aims at developing interest and competencies related to scholarly research to the budding future physicians. The perception and attitude of students towards research is one of the most important factor in determining the ratio of physician–scientists in the society. Hence it is important to tap this untapped potential and expose the undergraduates at an earlier stage in their careers to the basics of medical research. This will not only help in improving knowledge but will also improve their skills in searching and critically appraising medical literature, independent learning and writing. Keywords: Medical Research, Undergraduate, Curriculum, Attitude.

Aim of the study: There is a mounting need for palliative care in India which is vital to contribute to the quality of life of patients. Care for terminally ill and dying patient requires the skill, knowledge and attitude in the field of palliative care for all the stake holders, more so for nurses who have a key role in caring for patients as they spend the maximum time with the patient than any other member of health professional. Hence training in palliative care must start in the early years of nursing education. Methodology: A questionnaire based study was undertaken to assess the awareness and attitude of nursing students towards palliative care. The study also sensitized the students by conducting a structured workshop on different aspects of palliative care. Pre and post tests were conducted. Results: The results indicated average to poor knowledge and attitude of palliative care in final year BSc nursing students which improved after the intervention of the workshop. Conclusion: The study is suggestive that more specific, structured and focused inputs of handling terminally ill patients is required to be included in the curriculum of nursing. Keywords: Nursing education, palliative care.

Context: Heads of department in a medical college are required to be fully trained to assume administrative roles. Unfortunately the medical education curriculum is silent on these issues and it is left to the teacher to learn these skills either by shadowing or by self-experience while on the job. Literature is also scarce on a defined validated curriculum for holding such workshops. Aims: To develop and validate a curriculum for administrative skills workshop for departmental heads of medical college. Settings and Design: Initial first draft of the curriculum was prepared based on the experience and knowledge of the mentors and the author. This was circulated to 7 experts (three deans of medical college, 2 management experts, and two heads of corporate hospitals) for their comments and suggestions on the duration, content and method of delivery. Telephonic conversation, conference calls and email discussion with them was extensively done to come to a consensus. This final draft was sent back to the experts as a last phase of validation. Results and Conclusion: The study in all probabilities demonstrates the first validated curriculum for conduct of a two day workshop on administrative skills for thirty head of departments in a medical college. This is the need of the hour since a head of department in a medical college in India has to struggle to meet the administrative needs of the organization Key Words: Administrative skills, Head of department, Medical college Key Messages: A validated need based curriculum on administrative skills for head of departments in a medical college is the need of the hour.

Abstract: Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy specific syndrome characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria. The pathogenesis of preeclampsia involves a number of biological processes that may be directly or indirectly affected by antioxidants, vitamin D and beta carotene. We have estimated the role of vitamin D and beta carotene in 30 patients of preeclampsia (Group III) compared with 30 non pregnant (Group II) and 30 pregnant females (Group I). Beta carotene was estimated by spectroscopic method of Sobel and Snow and vitamin D was measured by High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The levels of beta carotene (134.2+9.75 μg/dl vs 165.1+64.9 μg/dl and 173.1+51.7 μg/dl) and vitamin D (16.8+2.14 μg/l vs 31.6+9.33 μg/l and 32.4+7.34 μg/l) were significantly lower in group III as compared to group II and I [p< 0.001]. Also positive correlation between vitamin D and beta carotene patients was found in group III (correlation coefficient r=0.179294). Hence we concluded that PE patients had lower vitamin D and beta carotene levels and assessment of these parameters in pregnant women could be useful in the early identification of preeclampsia. Keywords: Preeclampsia, pregnancy, antioxidants, vitamin D, beta carotene.

Abstract Introduction: Pre-eclampsia is a systemic infl ammatory condition associated with maternal endothelial dysfunction. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) results in a poor trophoblastic invasion of the maternal spiral arteries, poor fetoplacental perfusion, and release of factors which aff ect the vascular tone and remodeling. Objectives: To compare the serum values of MMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and their ratio in the second and third trimester of normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Materials and Methods: 30 females progressing to normal pregnancy were compared with 16 females who developed preeclampsia. MMP-1 and TIMP-1 concentrations were measured in serum samples (II and III trimester) of the females by enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay. Results: There was no signifi cant diff erence in the levels of MMP-1, TIMP-1, and ratio of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in pre-eclamptic and normal pregnancy females. Conclusion: There is a lack of alteration in the levels of MMP-1, TIMP-1, and their ratio during the progression of pre-eclampsia when compared with normal pregnancy. Further studies with a larger sample size are required to validate this data. Key words: Pre-eclampsia, Matrix metalloproteinase-1, Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1

A qualitative questionnaire based study was conducted to assess the awareness of the stakeholders regarding the parent teacher meetings (PTM) being conducted in a medical institute. 350 students, 227 parents, 82 teachers and 10 management personnel participated in the study. The findings indicate that majority of the students, teachers, parents and management are aware of the conduction and purpose of PTM being conducted in the institute. Also students, teachers, parents and management approved the usefulness of PTM and its helpfulness in better teacher effectiveness and student achievement. Most of the stake holders in the study favored that PTM`s should be organized once in a year. A major information collected was that the attendance of parents and students for the PTM decreased substantially as they went to their higher classes. Hence, the perspective of parents and students needs to be changed regarding their attendance in PTM`s in higher classes.

Background: To safeguard interests of consumers, consumer protection act was passed in 1986 in India. After commencement of CPA, drastic changes have occurred. Number of litigations increased, large number of patients and consumer originations are approaching consumer courts for the redressal of grievances against doctors and hospitals. The present study was designed to assess the awareness of CPA in medical professionals. Material and Method: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was carried out among 186 doctors. The data was analyzed for number and percentage. Results: We found that although 178 (95.6%) doctors were aware about the existence and inclusion of CPA 156 (83.9%), only 23 (12.4%) doctors were actually having mean awareness score greater than 60%. Maximum doctors 128(68.8%) scored very poor to poor. Doctors of clinical faculty 43(45.3%) were having higher moderate to good mean awareness. Conclusion: Doctors need to be aware about various laws related to medical profession including CPA and its amendments to protect them.

ABSTRACT: Lipid peroxidation products and biochemical parameters like fasting blood sugar and lipid profile were estimated in serum of 40 senile cataract cases (45-60 years) and 40 persons of age and sex matched healthy controls. Plasma Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels [as Malondialdehyde (MDA)] were significantly higher in patients with senile cataract (573±64.4nmol/dl, P

Background: Medical council of India has laid down certain guidelines for the medical professionals to follow. Being an integral part of medical practice, it is mandatory for medical professionals to have knowledge of medical ethics. This study was undertaken to assess the awareness of ethical and medico-legal issues among medical professionals of a private institute. Material and methods: It was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study carried out in 134 medical professionals using a structured and validated questionnaire. The data was analysed using EPI-Info statistical software version 6 for number and percentage. Results: We observed that 86.6% participants were aware about code of medical ethics and its importance in medical profession, they acquired the knowledge of medical ethics as experience at work (58.2%) followed by lectures and seminar (26.1%), 95.5% were aware about the different types of consent and its importance in medical profession, 85.1% were aware about medico-legal cases and 56.7% participants stated that proper documentation and consent can prevent a charge of negligence. Conclusion: To conclude with, though participants were aware about basic facts of ethical and medico-legal issues, various finer aspects need to boost up time to time to avoid future legal actions.

ABSTRACT In the present setup, the traditional discipline- based curriculum with clinical exposure during the second year of study is being followed. However, the students found it difficult to recall important basic concepts during their clinical postings. One of the methods to improve the quality and usefulness of the basic sciences taught to medical students is early clinical exposure (ECE). Hence, the present observational study was carried out among 150 first MBBS students to sensitize them for a clinical set-up, to appreciate the finer aspect of human behavior while dealing with patients and motivate them to develop further interest in first year subjects. They were exposed to clinical wards in small group. A prevalidated questionnaire was administered to the students after clinical ward rounds. Feedback indicated that ECE was perceived positively by students and could provide a framework for integration of basic sciences with clinical subjects for the medical students.

Self-medication is basically the practice of taking of drugs or medication without any prescription from the health care providers. A prospective, cross simple random sampling from January found that 90.5% students reported SM in the preceding one year, 83.8% students followed allopathic system of medicine. Cough and cold were the most frequent (84.9%) antipyretics and analgesics (95.6%). It is alarming pace and is important factor for increased resistance to drugs. To eradicate this problem, education of students, public and health professionals

ABSTRACT: Senile cataract is a multifactorial disease, but oxidative stress is considered to be most important risk factor. The aim of our study is to assess the levels of prooxidants by measuring the lipid peroxidation products in the form of the Malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antioxidant enzyme levels like Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the blood. A case control study was carried out in total number of 50 newly diagnosed cataract cases and 50 age matched controls. MDA, a marker of oxidative stress antioxidant enzymes Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by enzymatic spectrophotometric method. Significantly increased levels of serum lipid peroxides in the form of MDA (P

Abstract: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity internationally. The aetiology of this disease is unknown, though widespread endothelial dysfunction is considered to be the major reason. Early identification of this disease would be helpful in early identification of the high risk patients, diagnosis and better prenatal care. Several biomarkers either individually or in combination have been identified which either increase or decrease in PE and may be of utility either as predictors or diagnostic tools. This review focuses on various available biomarkers and their utility from the already existing literature.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystem disorder associated with maternal hypertension, placental abnormalities and adverse fetal outcomes. Endothelial dysfunction and immunological imbalance are the proposed etiological factors for the development of PE. The aim of the study was to assess the concentration of cytokines (IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-α) with progression of normal pregnancy and development of PE.40 primigravidas with uncomplicated normal pregnancies in first trimester which were followed till the last trimester (control) and 35 primigravidas who developed PE (study group) in the third trimester were selected by random sampling. A demographic characteristic along with assessment of cytokines was determined in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnant females. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 are significantly increased (p

The study was undertaken to evaluate various aspects of self-medication in medical students. A prospective, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was carried out among 488 medical students selected by simple random sampling from January 2013 to June 2013. Data was collected and analyzed for counts and percentage. Students reported self-medication in the preceding one year was 71.7 % and the prevalence was more in final year students. Fever and headache were the most frequently reported illnesses, commonly used drugs were antipyretics and analgesics, obtained information through reading material, and reasons quoted were minor ailments and quick relief. Majority students agreed that medical knowledge is necessary for administration of medicine by self. Self-medication is highly prevalent in medical students, which is quite alarming.

Introduction: Common risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, aging and male gender place an individual at risk for both periodontitis as well as cardiovascular disease. subjects with chronic periodontitis aged 3 III (n=30) patients included patients of periodontitis with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and group IV(n=40) included patients with cardiovascular disease. Blood samples Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and homocysteine are significantly increased (p

Background: Chronic gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory diseases. An important function of host sialic acid is to regulate innate immunity. The aim of the study was to assess the concentration of Total sialic acid (TSA) in saliva and serum and also to find out their association if any, in periodontal health and disease. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 subjects were clinically examined and distributed into three groups (n=30) according to the periodontal status namely healthy, chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis.Clinical measurements including probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index, oral hygeine index were recorded .TSA concentration was determined in saliva and serum of all subjects.

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is a member of a family of enzymes that can degrade most extracellular matrix macromolecules. Extracellularly, MMPs are controlled by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and by mechanisms of pro-MMP activation. Levels of MMPs and TIMPs change during healing, inflammation, and normal tissue turnover. Herein we aimed to evaluate the levels of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from periodontally healthy patients (control group) and chronic periodontitis patients before and after phase 1 therapy.

To assess association in between malondialdehyde and homocysteine in females with unexplained infertility

Research plays a vital role in health sciences as an integral part of health education. Hence, this study was undertaken with objective of assessing awareness and attitude regarding research in dental students of Central India. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study carried out on 300 dental students (75 in each batch), selected by simple random sampling. Data was collected and analyzed for percentage, mean and standard deviation. RESULTS: 99.6% students responded; 99.3% students were aware about research, and 94% students were interested in research, 99.3% thought that research is important in medical field and 83% were willing to contribute to research project. Barriers for research were no extra time for research (57%) and lack of guidance (21.6%). 73.3% students agreed that research should be included as a part of dental curriculum. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Though dental students were aware of research and interested in research, significant barriers were deterring them from active participation in research. Provision of creating a favorable environment and building of sound knowledge and introducing the concept of research in dental students is must for the individuals and society

Context: Stress in medical education is common and process-oriented. It often exerts a negative effect on their academic performance, physical health, and psychological well being. Aims: This study aims at identification of such susceptible students in the early stage i.e. first year of medical education, and to provide them essential support in the form of an intervention program to lessen the negative consequences of stress. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among the First MBBS students of NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Nagpur, India. A 41-item questionnaire was designed to assess the sources of stress and their severity. Likert's 5-point scale was used to quantify the extent of severity on each item. Coping strategies adopted by students were assessed by using a 22-item stress inventory, and a questionnaire based on 19 institutional stress-reducing factors was used to identify its role. Results: The survey resulted into an overall response rate of 87% (131 out of 150 students). Median stress level based on 41 items was evaluated for each student. About 29% (40 students) had median stress level greater than 3. Female students were more stressed (17.19%) than male students (14.93%). The study revealed that students generally adopt active coping strategies rather than avoidant strategies like alcohol and drug abuse. The study indicated that emotional support system is a major stress-relieving factor for students. Conclusion: Prevalence of perceived stress is high among medical students. It seems that academic-related problems are greater perceived stressors. Review of academics, exam schedules and patterns, better interaction with the faculty and proper guidance, intervention programs and counseling could certainly help a lot to reduce stress in medical students.

Abstract : Background: Though internet is being used worldwide, data on its use by medical students in developing countries is lacking. Hence, the present study was carried out with the objective of assessing use and purpose of internet usage among students of a Medical College in Central India. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was carried out on 300 MBBS students selected by simple random sampling from May 2012- September 2012. Data was collected and analyzed using EpiInfo. Results: The students in the study were of age group 18-23 years. Majority of students (98.2%) used internet by their own without any assistance, 139 (60.4%) accessed internet from home. Principle purpose was to get general information in 73 (31.7%) students. The preferred medium for getting medical information was textbooks in 164 (71.3%) students followed by internet in 57 (24.8%) students. Common search engine used by students was Google 201 (87.3%) and Yahoo 11 (4.8%). Two Hundred and Seventeen (94.3%) students were of opinion that computer knowledge is required for medical education, 140 (60.8%) thought that computer certification should be mandatory for medical education, and 148 (64.3%) students agreed that computer education should be incorporated in medical curriculum for optimum utilization of digital sources by students. Conclusion: The data obtained indicates that the majority of the medical students in the present study use internet but not for medical education, hence computer education should be incorporated in medical curriculum. Keywords: internet, medical education

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major vascular complication in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to non diabetic subjects. Abnormally high levels of free radicals and inflammation can lead to damage of cellular organelles, enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation and development of insulin resistance and these consequences can promote the development of complications of diabetes mellitus. We evaluated and correlated the diabetic patients for risk factors for CVD like malondialdehyde, homocysteine, High sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) and lipid profile in 50 patients of Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) with disease duration less than 10 years (group II), 50 NIIDM patients with disease duration more than 10 years (group III) and 50 normal healthy controls (group I). There was significant increased levels (p-value) of all the parameters except HDL cholesterol which were decreased in group III when compared with group II and group I but no significant difference observed between parameters in group I & group II. There was positive correlation between hs-CRP to the MDA, serum cholesterol and HbA1c &also between MDA and homocysteine in group III patients. Our findings indicate that both oxidative stress and inflammation form a vicious cycle and are common mediator in the pathogenesis of accelerated atherosclerosis in the diabetic patients.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease affecting around 1% of the world's population leading to autoimmune arthritis. Though the exact etiology of RA remains unknown, various environmental and biological triggers have been suspected. The most important factor which is implicated in the pathogenesis of RA is oxidative stress. However the exact relationship between antioxidants and lipid peroxidation is not yet known in patients of RA. Hence the case control study was conducted in 50 patients of rheumatoid arthritis (Group II) diagnosed by criteria's recommended by American Rheumatology Association were compared with age and sex matched 50 normal healthy controls (GroupI). Malondialdehyde (MDA) a marker of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by enzymatic spectrophotometric method. MDA levels was significantly increased (p< 0.01) in RA patients as compared to controls. The concentrations of GPx and SOD were significantly lower in RA patients as compared to normal healthy adults. Our findings indicate that oxidative stress does occur in patients RA patients. Treatment with antioxidant therapy to limit the disease process of RA patients needs to be assessed.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease affecting around 1% of the world's population leading to autoimmune arthritis. Though the exact etiology of RA remains unknown, various environmental and biological triggers have been suspected. The most important factor which is implicated in the pathogenesis of RA is oxidative stress. However the exact relationship between antioxidants and lipid peroxidation is not yet known in patients of RA. Hence the case control study was conducted in 50 patients of rheumatoid arthritis (Group II) diagnosed by criteria's recommended by American Rheumatology Association were compared with age and sex matched 50 normal healthy controls (GroupI). Malondialdehyde (MDA) a marker of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured by enzymatic spectrophotometric method. MDA levels was significantly increased (p< 0.01) in RA patients as compared to controls. The concentrations of GPx and SOD were significantly lower in RA patients as compared to normal healthy adults. Our findings indicate that oxidative stress does occur in patients RA patients. Treatment with antioxidant therapy to limit the disease process of RA patients needs to be assessed.

Alopecia in male is considered as a genetically determined disorder characterized by increased level of local androgen metabolite and increase androgen receptor binding in balding areas. Frequent deviations of hormones from normal values have been reported in men diagnosed with premature androgenetic alopecia (AGA) especially for androgens, gonadotropins and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Different studies in the past have inferred that premature baldness before the age of thirty in males could be considered equivalent to the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in female.

Neonatal sepsis is major cause of morbidity and mortality amongst neonates. It also leads to septic shock & multiple organ failures if not treated vigorously. Diagnosis is delayed due to non specific signs & symptoms leading to fatal complications. It is due to cytokines, free oxygen radicals have been recognized to be common pathogenic mechanism which eventuate cellular injury and organ failure. The present study was investigated as an attempt to assess free radical toxicity in neonatal sepsis with simple investigations that are done routinely so that it will help for the diagnosis and to start antibiotics judiciously thereby reducing drug resistance and improving outcome.

To assess association in between insulin resistance and homocysteine levels in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Research plays a vital role in medical profession as far as patient care is concerned. Hence, this study was undertaken with objective of assessing awareness regarding research in medical students of Central India and their interest, involvement, and barriers in research activities with emphasis on need of research in medical curriculum.

ABSTRACT: Periodontitis is a chronic condition leading to the destruction of the periodontium. A case control study was carried out in 30 subjects with chronic periodontitis aged 30-65 years (group II) and age matched with 30 control subjects (group I). Salivary and serum malondialdehyde, which is a marker of lipid peroxidation, was estimated in the cases and controls. Salivary MDA was elevated (p

INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress is known to be a key factor associated with preeclampsia. Glutathione Peroxidase(GPx), an antioxidant enzyme along with c Glutamyl transferase (GGT) is responsible for protecting cells from damage due to free radicals like hydrogen and lipid peroxides.

Introduction ; Early detection or prevention of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is likely to be the most effective as compared with other malignancies. Objectives; To investigate whether Interleukin-6 (IL-6) could serve as informative biomarkers for OSCC in saliva and to determine if there is a role for saliva as a easily available diagnostic medium for OSCC.

Objectives: Levofloxacin is pure (-)-(S)-enantiomer of the racemic drug substance ofloxacin, which was introduced in 1997. It is a third generation fluoroquinolones with a wide spectrum of action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic microorganisms and atypical pathogens. Various analytical methods have been reported in scientific literature for the analysis of levofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations. The price of different oral formulations of levofloxacin varies considerably. Generic tablets are cheaper than branded ones. In order to assure the bioequivalence and therapeutic equivalence, pharmaceutical equivalence study needs to be investigated and hence the present study was undertaken to compare the pharmaceutical equivalence of the generic and some branded oral formulations of levofloxacin and to compare the findings of spectrophotometer and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods: Levofloxacin was estimated by using UV spectrophotometer. Linearity curve was obtained in the concentration range of 2-12µg/ml at 293.7 nm using pure levofloxacin and 0.1 N HCl as a solvent system. The concentration in various formulations was obtained by using calibration curve. The quantitative measurements were also obtained by HPLC at 293 nm by using mobile phase consisting of 0.05M phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (80:20, v/v) with 0.2% of triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3 with phosphoric acid. Results: All formulations were found to be pharmaceutically equivalent. The spectrophotometric method was comparable to HPLC. Conclusion: Being simple, rapid, reliable and cost-effective spectrophotometer method can be applied for routine analysis of levofloxacin and for pharmacokinetic study.

Background : Preeclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by an excessive maternal systemic inflammatory response with activation of the immune system. Material and Method: 25 of preeclampsia (i.e., high blood pressure [BP] and proteinuria) and 15 of normal pregnancy were enrolled for the study. The blood samples were analysed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Result: Significantly increased values of TNF-á were found in preclampsia when compared to normal pregnant females. Discussion : TNF- á, is a potential mediator of endothelial dysfunction, which is a hall mark of the maternal syndrome of preclampsia. Key Words : Pre- eclampsia, TNF-alpha.

Abstract A case control study was carried out to assess the levels of malondialdehyde and homocysteine in patients with psoriasis. 90 patients were classified as either mild, moderate or severe depending on the clinical severity. The levels of malondialdehyde and homocysteine were significantly increased

Psoriasis is known to be associated with metabolic syndrome and studies have found discordant result of lipid profile in psoriasis. Hence, this study aims to study lipid profile in patients with psoriasis

Nanoparticles are currently the subject of intense pharmacotogic research because of their capacity to carry and deliver drugs to specific targets. The rapid expansion of nanotechnotogy has resulted in a vast array of nanopartictes that vary in size, shape, charge, chemistry, coating and solubility. This intrinsic property raises important questions regarding the potential for nanoparticles to carry toxic chemicals that may be present in the environment. The release of hazardous substances is a matter of concern for technology. In nanomedicine, optimizing the balance between persistence and excretion and preventing the release of toxic degradation products may reduce hazard. Thus, progress of nanotechonolgy should be compared to the toxicology of newly engineered nanoparticles. Key Words : Nanotechnology, hazards

Elevated plasma homocysteine level is a risk factor for vascular problems, including atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis. Hyperhomocysteinemia during pregnancy causes endothelial dysfunction as a result of increased oxidative stress. The ultimate results are vasculopathy and dysfunction. The aim of the study was to find the association of the homocysteine levels in pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy and to know, if there correlation between serum homocysteine levels and severity of Study design: Prospective case control Study place: Women attending antenatal OPD or admitted in antenatal ward of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Study duration: 1 March 2010 to 1 September 2010 Study population and sample Group 1: 30 pregnant normotensive healthy women, GA 28 to 42 weeks and fulfilling inclusion Group 2: 30 pregnant women, GA 32 to 42 weeks with pre-eclamptic toxemia (mild and severe) and meeting inclusion 30 pre-eclamptic women were matched with 30 normotensive women of same gestational Results: Mean level of homocysteine was significantly raised in pre-eclamptic women than in control The rise in mean serum homocysteine level was more in women with severe PET as compared to those with mild PET, though not statistically significant. The women in pre-eclamptic group having increased homocysteine levels showed increased incidence of IUGR, IUD, still birth and abruptio and increased incidence of cesarean Conclusion: It is concluded from our study that serum homocysteine levels were significantly elevated in women with PET compared with control and strong correlation may exist between serum homocysteine levels and severity of pre-

Sex hormones are known to play a role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis.

Patients with newly diagnosed oral or oropharyngeal and histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were recruited for the study.

The present study was carried out to assess the levels of thyroid hormones in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA)(n=50). Serum T3,T4, TSH levels were measured in the early follicular phase of menstrual cycle. The levels were not significant in the patients when compared to the patients with RA. 6 patients (12%) had TSH increased and T3 and T4 levels decreased and responded to thyroxin treatment suggesting that hypothyroidism must be considered as a biochemical investigation in patients presenting with arthritis.

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease with an unknown etiology. The aim of this research was to determine the lipid profile and levels of lipid peroxidation as malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in patients with psoriasis. The levels of lipid profile were significantly al-tered in the patient group. Levels of MDA were significantly increased (p

Preeclampsia is a frequent and potentially dangerous complication of pregnancy. A case control study was carried out to assess the levels of homocysteine, lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in patients with preeclampsia. The levels of malondialdehyde and homocysteine was significantly increased in patients with preeclampsia (p&lt;0.001). The levels of GPx and SOD were significantly increased in patients with preeclampsia (p&lt;0.001).Levels of homocysteine correlated positively with the levels of MDA and negatively with GPx and SOD. Oxidative stress may thus be a possible link in between homocysteine and preeclampsia. Copyright of Journal of Recent Advances in Applied Sciences is the property of Evoker Research Perfecting Company and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.

Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role in the development of diabetic complications. However, not much work is known about its association with diabetic nephropathy.

Diet and urinary pH play an important role in the pathogenesis of renal stones. The type of stone formed is also related to urine pH.

Diabetic neuropathy is a demonstrable disorder either subclinically or clinically evident that occurs in patients of diabetes mellitus without evident cause.

Numerous studies state the role of prolactin, a hormone of anterior pituitary in autoimmune response of rheumatoid arthritis. Postpartum exacerbation of arthritis suggests the relation of prolactin with autoimmune arthritis. The present study was carried out to see the status of serum prolactin in patients of rheumatoid arthritis attending Shree Ayurvedic College and Government Medical College, Nagpur. A case control study was carried out with 20 women of rheumatoid arthritis (Group A) and. 20 apparently healthy age- sex- matched volunteers (Group B).The diagnosis was confirmed by revised ACR criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Fasting blood samples (5 ml/subject) were collected from the cases and controls. The serum was separated and stored in deep freeze at – 20°C Along with other parameters serum prolactin concentrations were measured by Sandwich Enzyme immuno-assay system (ELISA). Statistical evaluation was done by student’s t test and p-value was calculated.(p < 0.001). The serum prolactin levels in cases were significantly increased than in controls. Many studies indicate the role of prolactin in the autoimmune responses. Although exact mechanism is not known, it is proposed that prolactin is secreted by synovial cells and lymphocytes which do have dopamine receptors. Also remission of arthritis with anti- prolactin drugs suggests the role of prolactin in rheumatoid arthritis. In conclusion, elevated serum prolactin levels in the cases of rheumatoid arthritis may suggest its possible role in autoimmune response

Oxidative stress known as a predictive marker for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases could be measured through pro-oxidant antioxidant balance (PAB).

Aim and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and serum pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) in a large populationbased study.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM 2) is one of the common metabolic disorders that causes micro-and macro-vascular complications affecting the global population. DM 2 and its vascular complications are associated with several mechanisms, one of which is oxidative stress. Ascorbic acid, one of the potent antioxidants that causes detoxification of free radicals. We aimed to evaluate the ascorbic acid levels and its relation to fasting blood sugar levels, glycated haemoglobin levels (HbA1c) and lipid profile among healthy non-diabetic control (n = 50) and Diabetic patients (n=100). We found that in diabetic patients, ascorbic acid levels were reduced as compared to normal subjects. Moreover, HbA1c levels were also found to be deranged in the diabetic subjects. The levels of Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL were found increased in DM 2 patients, whereas HDL levels were decreased. Furthermore, we found that FBS levels and lipid levels were more deranged in diabetic males as compared to diabetic females. Our results indicate the prevalence of ascorbic acid deficiency in diabetic patients with significant inverse relationship of FBS, HbA1c and lipid profile (TCh, TG, LDL and VLDL) with ascorbic acid. Early detection of diabetes and use of supplements with vitamin C could be beneficial to prevent dyslipidemias in diabetic patients, but large group studies are further needed to get the causal relationship.

Patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) are more prone to Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD). Although, oxygen free radicals are known to contribute to the development of IHD, conflicting reports are available regarding the antioxidant status in patients of NIDDM complicated with IHD. This study was undertaken to investigate the oxidative status in patients of NIDDM and to assess their correlation with plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and duration of diabetes. The levels of malondialdehyde were significantly increased where as levels of superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase and vitamin C were significantly decreased in diabetics without complications and non-diabetics with IHD when compared with the controls. The levels of malondialdehyde and Glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased where as levels of superoxide dismutase and vitamin C were significantly decreased in diabetics with IHD when compared with diabetics without complications and non-diabetics with IHD. The implications of the results are discussed.

Self medication by mothers influences the morbidity and mortality in children. The present study evaluates mothers' attitude and practices regarding use of medication in their preschool age children. 976 mothers having at least one child

Background: The prevalence of sickle cell disease (SCD) in western Odisha is 9.1 % which is a quite high figure if one looks at the morbidity and mortality out of it. In sickle-cell disease, low-oxygen tension promotes RBC sickling and repeated episodes of sickling damages the cell membrane and makes it rigid. Free radical promotes increased and irreversible sickling of RBC membrane by damaging it. Several newly emerging biological markers have potentiality to be utilized in deciding the degree of oxidative stress and disease severity.

Abstract : Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus is responsible for 60% cases of retinopathy in the population and is one of the common cause of blindness. Oxidative stress as measured by the levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and vitamin C was measured in 50 normal controls, 40 diabetics without complications, 22 diabetics with proliferative and 20 with nonproliferative retinopathy respectively. Our finding suggests that lipid peroxidation increases (P

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (EC 1.11.1.9) is the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage.[2] The biochemical function of glutathione peroxidase is to reduce lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols and to reduce free hydrogen peroxide to water

This review article is focused on the impact of antioxidants and prooxidants on health with emphasis on the type of antioxidants that should be taken. Medical researchers suggest that diet may be the solution for the control of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular complications, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and different cancers. In this survey, we found scientific evidence that the use of antioxidants should be limited only to the cases where oxidative stress has been identified. This is often the case of specific population groups such as postmenopausal women, the elderly, infants, workers exposed to environmental pollutants, and the obese. Before starting any supplementation, it is necessary to measure oxidative stress and to identify and eliminate the possible sources of free radicals and thus increased oxidative stress.

The role of oxidant damage to red cells in sickle cell anaemia has been of interest in recent years. Although, available reports suggest that sickle cell erythrocytes are susceptible to endogenous free radical mediated oxidant damage there remains discrepancy in the status of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant vitamins in these patients. In view of this, 107 cases of sickle cell anaemia (36 ‘SS’ and 71 ‘AS’ pattern—as confirmed by haemoglobin electrophoresis) were subjected to analysis of malondialdehyde, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and albumin. The results were compared with 54 age and sex matched healthy controls. The results indicate a marked increase in lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase levels in both ‘SS’ and ‘AS’ types of sickle cell anaemia as compared to controls. Although no difference was observed in the levels of albumin in these groups the levels of ascorbic acid were significantly depleted in sickle cell anaemia patients. The results are indicative of enhanced lipid peroxidation along with imbalance in the pro-oxidant and antioxidant status in patients of sickle cell anaemia.

Although some of the most severe complications of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) tend to be acute and severe (e.g. acute chest syndrome, stroke etc.), the chronic ones can be equally debilitating. Prominent among them is the effect that the disease has on lung growth and function. For many years the traditional teaching has been that SCD is associated with the development of a restrictive lung defect. However, there is increasing evidence that this is not a universal finding and that at least during childhood and adolescence, the majority of the patients have a normal or obstructive pattern of lung function. The following article reviews the current knowledge on the effects of SCD on lung growth and function. Special emphasis is given to the controversies among the published articles in the literature and discusses possible causes for these discrepancies.

Abstract : Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with increased incidence of variety of illnesses including cirrhosis. Studies have shown that ethanol consumption may result in increased oxidative stress with increased formation of lipid peroxides and free radicals. However, very few reports are available on their involvement in the toxicity of alcoholic cirrhosis. The present study was undertaken in 44 male subjects to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in liver injury with special reference to alcoholic or non alcoholic cirrhosis. It was observed that the parameters of liver function like total bilirubin, Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), γ Glutamyl transfarase (γ GT) were increased in cirrhotic (alcoholic or non alcoholic) patients as compared to normal controls. However antioxidant enzymes like Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathine peroxidase (GPx) lipid peroxidation marker, Malondialdehyde (MDA) showed significant changes only in alcoholic cirrhosis and not in non alcoholic cirrhosis when compared with normal controls. The possibility of assessment of antioxidant enzymes to differentiate between alcoholic or non alcoholic or non alcoholic cirrhosis is postulated.

Identification of reliable biomarkers for detection and staging of cancer and monitoring the outcome of anticancer therapy has been considered to be of high importance. We aimed to estimate the levels of serum glycoproteins, protein bound-hexose, protein bound hexosamine, protein bound fucose, protein bound sialic acid and protein bound carbohydrate in 32 ovarian cancer patients and compared them with the levels that found in 25 normal subjects. As compared to the normal subjects, all the four fractions of glycoproteins level were significantly elevated in ovarian cancer patients (p < 0.05). Chemotherapy in these patients significantly decreased the levels of serum glycoproteins (p < 0.05). Thus, high levels of serum glycoproteins in ovarian cancer patients could be due to abnormal protein glycosylation indicating malignant transformation of the cells.

With the growing interest in the concept of free radicals in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia, it was thought worthwhile to study the changes in lipid peroxides and antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in ischemic heart disease (IHD). The study was carried out on 76 patients of IHD-38 of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 38 of stable ischemic heart disease (SIDH). They were age and sex matched with 38 normal healthy controls. A significant increase (p

There is a strong co-relation in between the levels of blood lipids in patients of different subgroups of CAD, however this is not present in the case of subgroups of patients in PAD. Moreover levels of MDA and antioxidant enzymes are also significantly altered in the subgroups of CAD but the correlation is weak in that of PAD. Thus these values may serve as a clinical support for experimental data and supplementary information regarding atheromatous disease.

Background Tuberculosis kills five lakh patients in India every year, out of which 7-12 % are with meningeal involvement. Delay in its diagnosis and in initiation of treatment results in poor prognosis and sequlae in up to 25% of cases. The aim of the present study is to look for a simple, rapid, cost effective, non-invasive and fairly specific test in differentiating tubercular etiology from other causes. Methods Forty patients between the age of 6 - 24 months attending hospital with symptoms… Expand

Serum total sialic acid (TSA) has gained medical interest, particularly as a cardiovascular risk factor and it has been hypothesized that serum levels relate to serum acute phase proteins, some of which are sialylated. We assayed serum TSA and also lipid associated sialic acid (LASA) in SO normal individuals (24 male) and IS subjects (12 male) who had experienced a myocardial infarct.

To compare the extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of antioxidants in tumor and venous blood of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) at different intraoral sites. DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty four patients with OSCC at different intraoral sites and an equal number of age-and sex-matched reference subjects were chosen for the study.

Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults are the classic manifestations of profound vitamin D deficiency. In recent years, however, non-musculoskeletal conditions—including cancer, metabolic syndrome, infectious and autoimmune disorders—have also been found to be associated with low vitamin D levels.1 The spectrum of these common disorders is of particular concern because observational studies have demonstrated that vitamin D insufficiency is widespread in many northern regions of the world, including industrialised countries.2 3

Estimation of stature is one of the important criterions for establishing the individuality of a person especially in casas of mutilated bodies and skeletal remains.

Iron deficiency (ID) is common in patients with cardiovascular disease. Up to 60% of patients with coronary artery disease, and an even higher proportion of those with heart failure (HF) or pulmonary hypertension have ID; the evidence for cerebrovascular disease, aortic stenosis and atrial fibrillation is less robust. The prevalence of ID increases with the severity of cardiac and renal dysfunction and is probably more common amongst women.