Dr.S. Manickam

Una delgada lámina ósea entre el olécranon y la fosa coronoides es a veces perforada para formar un agujero denominado foramen supratroclear (STF). Dado que el agujero se encuentra entre el epicóndilo lateral y el medial, también se llama el agujero intercondiloidea. Este agujero fue más frecuente en los huesos prehistóricos. El agujero se ha estudiado en detalle en 214 húmeros secos (131 lado derecho y 83 lado izquierdo) de sexo y edad desconocidos. De 214 huesos, el agujero estaba presente en 67 húmeros (48 lado derecho y 19 lado izquierdo) que muestra una incidencia del 31,3%. El diámetro transversal  medio fue de6,5 mma la derecha y5,8 mma la izquierda. El diámetro vertical promedio fue de4,4 mma la derecha y3,9 mmen el lado izquierdo. La distancia media del STF desde la punta del epicóndilo  fue de 24,4mm a la derecha y de24,5 mmen el lado izquierdo. Algunos de los huesos mostraron translucidez del tabique óseo (49,3% y 35,9% a la derecha e izquierda, respectivamente). En las radiografías simples, el agujero puede simular una lesión osteolítica. El conocimiento anatómico de STF puede ser beneficioso para los antropólogos, los cirujanos ortopedistas, los radiólogos y en la práctica clínica  diaria. A thin bony plate between the olecranon and coronoid fossa is sometimes perforated to form a foramen named the supratrochlear foramen (STF). Since the foramen lies between the lateral and the medial epicondyle, it is also called the intercondyloid foramen. This foramen was more common in prehistoric bones. The foramen was studied in detail in 214 dried humeri (131 right side and 83 left side) of unknown sex and age. Out of 214 bones the foramen was present in 67 humeri (48 right side and 19 left side) showing the incidence as 31.3%. The mean transverse diameter was 6.5mm on the right and 5.8mm on the left. The mean vertical diameter was 4.4mm on the right and 3.9mm on the left side. The mean distance of the STF from the tip of the medial epicondyle was 24.4mm on the right and 24.5mm on the left side. Some of the bones showed translucency of the bony septum (49.3% and 35.9% on right and left respectively). On plain radiographs, the foramen may mimic as an osteolytic lesion. The anatomical knowledge of STF may be beneficial for anthropologists, orthopedic surgeons and radiologists in day-to-day clinical practice.

Aim: Nimesulide, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor has 20 times more selectivity towards COX-2 than that of COX-1. COX-2 selective inhibitors cause frequent nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity following their usage. This proposes a physiological role of COX-2 in kidney and liver. Not much attention has been focused on the role of COX-2 with respect to reproduction especially in male reproduction, and the available information is scanty. AIMs and Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the adverse effects of nimesulide in the vas deferens thereby indirectly assess the role of COX-2 in male reproductive tract. Material and methods: Nimesulide was administered orally and the animals were maintained for different time periods prior to sacrifice. Results: The vas deferens of nimesulide treated mice showed extensive histopathological changes such as vacoulation and exfoliation of cells in the epithelial layer. Conclusion: Nimesulide administration leads to cytotoxic effects suggestive of apoptosis in the vas deferens of mice.

Introduction Several congenital malformations affect developing fetuses, among which Neural tube defect (NTD) is most common. Folic acid supplementation brought decline in the incidence of NTDs. The present study aims at finding the incidence of NTDs in a tertiary care hospital and compares the results with the similar Indian studies published earlier. Materials and Methods The study was done at Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam. The total number of deliveries was recorded for a period of five years from 2009 to 2013. Fetuses which were still born with neural defect were collected and observed in detail externally for the sex, type of NTD and other associated anomalies. Indian studies published between 1987 and 2014 reporting the incidence of NTDs among the births occurred were retrieved from the Internet and their various observations were used for comparison. Results The number of deliveries conducted between 2009 and 2013 at CHRI was 3220. Of these, babies born with NTDs were nine (5 males and 4 females). The incidence of fetuses with meroanencephaly, holoanencephaly, craniorachischisis, encephalocele and myelocele were 0.62, 0.62, 0.93, 0.31 and 0.31 per 1000 births respectively. Overall incidence of NTDs in the present study was 2.79/1000 births. Fetuses with NTDs also had the following anomalies – Club foot, cleft lip and palate and exomphalos. Conclusion Comparing the results with the previous studies it is clearly evident that the incidence of NTDs have significantly reduced from 11.42/1000 births to 2.79/1000 births. In most of the previous studies NTDs had a female preponderance whereas present study has a male preponderance.In older studies, spina bifida was the most common NTDs followed by anencephaly. But in the present study anencephaly was the common NTD than spina bifida. Incidence of NTDs has reduced due to various reasons like prenatal screening for fetal anomalies and folic acid supplementation.

Background: The nerve of Kuntz is an inconstant intra thoracic ramus arises from the 2nd thoracic nerve and it carries the sympathetic fibres joined with either 1st thoracic or 1st intercostal nerve or stellate ganglion to contribute the sympathetic innervations to the upper limb. The intra thoracic nerve of Kuntz is one of the causes for surgical failures and recurrence of symptoms after sympathectomy. Knowledge of anatomy of the sympathetic innervation to the upper limb is of great importance for neurosurgeons during surgical sympathectomy procedures. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 12 formalin fixed cadavers (24 sides) in the Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute. After reflection of the anterior wall and eviscerated of the thorax, the intrathoracic organs were removed to expose the posterior mediastinum. The incidence of any connection between the 2nd to 1st thoracic or 1st intercostal nerve or stellate ganglion were noted and photographed. The variations observed were classified as per Zaidi and Ashraf (2010) classification of intra thoracic nerve of Kuntz. Observations: In the present study, Out of 12 cadavers (24 sides) dissected, the nerve of Kuntz was present in 9 Specimens (37.6%). As per Zaidi and Ashraf (2010) classification, Type A was seen in 12.5%, Type B in 4.3%, Type C in 8.3% and of Type D in 12.5% Conclusion: The data regarding the study on variations of intra thoracic nerve of Kuntz is helpful to the surgeons to successfully perform upper limb sympathectomy.

Introduction: The cranial capacity indirectly reflects the volume of the brain, hence may predict the mental ability of an individual. Aim: To estimate the cranial capacity and correlate it with Body Mass Index (BMI) and academic performance of first-year students of a Medical College in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, india. Materials and Methods: A total of hundred first year MBBS students aged between 17 and 19 years were selected for the present study from Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chrompet, Chennai, India. Cranial capacity and BMI were calculated by standard methods. The average academic performance during the year was obtained by calculating the average of the total marks secured in the academic year. All the above data were tabulated and analysed statistically by using Pearson’s correlation test and Paired Student t-test. Results: The cranial capacity had no significant correlation with the academic performance in the present study. However, the BMI had a significant correlation with cranial capacity; this may be because larger cranial capacity is required for controlling larger muscular body mass. Conclusion: The present study showed a larger cranial capacity was related with increased BMI and hence may be helpful in the medicolegal and anthropological examination to find the relations between cranial capacity and age, height, body weight and BMI. There was no significant correlation between academic abilities with cranial capacity.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) is a key transcription factor which regulates <i>Insulin</i> gene expression and insulin secretion in adult β-cells and helps to maintain β-cells mass. Naringin, a flavanone, owing to its anti­oxidant property, is reported to have antidiabetic effects. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The present study tries to evaluate the role of naringin on the β-cell-specific transcription factor PDX-1 in diabetic rats. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Diabetes was induced in male rats using streptozotocin and treated with naringin (100 mg/kg) orally for 4 and 8 weeks. Serum insulin level, <i>Pdx-1</i> and <i>Insulin</i> gene expression, and PDX-1 protein expression were assessed in the rat pancreas. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the islet and β-cells were observed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Naringin prevented leukocytic infiltration in the pancreas of diabetic rats and recouped the β-cells with adequate secretory granules. Naringin-treated diabetic rats showed significantly increased mRNA expression of <i>Pdx-1</i> and <i>Insulin</i> genes, increased expression of transcription factor PDX-1, and higher serum insulin levels than the diabetic control animals. These changes were more pronounced in the 8-week naringin-treated diabetic animals. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Naringin was found to be an effective antidiabetic agent which increased <i>Insulin</i> gene expression and insulin secretion by upregulating the PDX-1 gene and protein expression.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Adult pancreatic beta cells, though quiescent, can proliferate in response to physiological need. This inherent character is used in exploring the possibilities of expanding the beta cell mass in the treatment of diabetes. Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) transcription factor is an important regulator in the proliferation and survival of adult beta cell mass. Naringin, a flavanone glycoside, is reported to have antidiabetic activity and exhibited an increase in insulin levels in diabetic animals. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The present study tried to evaluate the role of naringin in the regulation of FoxM1 in the pancreas of diabetic rats and to reascertain its antilipidemic and antioxidant properties. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Diabetes was induced in male rats using streptozotocin and treated with naringin (100 mg/kg) orally for 4 and 8 weeks. Serum biochemical parameters, insulin, gene and protein expression of FoxM1, and antioxidant markers in rat pancreas were analyzed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Naringin administration reduced the blood sugar, urea, creatinine, and cholesterol values and improved the pancreatic antioxidant status in diabetic rats. Naringin-treated diabetic rats showed a significant increase in mRNA and protein expression of FoxM1 compared to the diabetic control rats, indicating regeneration of cells. It also increased the insulin immunopositive cells, indicating functional beta cells. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Naringin was found to upregulate the FoxM1 transcription factor in diabetic animals, which influenced the proliferation and functional status of beta cells.

Every human being is exposed to the stress in one or the other form in the day to day life. Most of the existing studies on the impact of stress on the male reproduction were assessed by using single stressor, which may lead habituation to that stressor. The present study intends to estimate the consequence of stress on motor activity, sperm quality and histopathology of the testis in stress-induced male rats using multimodal stress one per day. Four weeks old Wister albino rats were randomly split into 4 groups and induced multimodal stress at different ages of life span. After induction of stress serum corticosterone levels, muscle strength and coordination, quality of sperm and histopathology of testes were estimated. Elevated serum corticosterone levels and body weight, reduced muscle strength, coordination. Sperm concentration and motility was significantly reduced and increased morphologically abnormal sperm in stress induced animals but sperm viability was not altered much. Histopathology of testes in stress received animals showed decreased tubular diameter and increased intertubular space. Multimodal stress caused elevated serum corticosterone and body weight, decreased motor activity, sperm quality and degenerative changes in the testis

Abstract Background Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate insecticide, acaricide, and miticide used primarily to control foliage and soilborne insect pests on a variety of food and feed crops. Since trace amounts of these compounds are found in water and food products, they easily enter into the organ system unnoticed. In the same way, the compound or its metabolite gets transmitted from the parent to the embryo mainly through blood vessels. Since blood vessels form the major route of transport, it is pertinent to study the effect of these compounds during angiogenesis. The effect of CPF and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) on the angiogenesis of chick embryo was evaluated in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) using an ex vivo model. Methods Nine-day-old incubated eggs where inoculated with various doses of CPF and TCPy. After 48 h of incubation, the CAM layers were retrieved and analyzed using angiogenesis software to obtain the density of blood vessels. Histomorphometric studies were performed to measure the thickness of vessel walls. The expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, and N-cadherin genes responsible for angiogenesis were analyzed. Results The exposure to the parent compound CPF and its metabolite TCPy promoted angiogenesis in groups administered with lower concentration of the pesticide and its metabolite, whereas a decline in angiogenesis was observed at higher concentrations. These observations were made by analyzing the density, histomorphometry results, and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results. The density, thickness, and lumen size of blood vessels in the groups with low concentration of CPF and TCPy were 28.34, 9 μm, and 30 μm, respectively, whereas in the groups with higher CPF and TCPy concentrations, they were 12, 3 μm, and 9 μm, respectively. Conclusions Hence, CPF and its metabolites interfere with angiogenesis in the CAM of chick embryos. Because of their estrogen-mimicking ability, pesticides are the prime etiological suspects of increasing alteration in blood vessel formation. These results may be of help in future studies on the effect of CPF in embryonic growth, wound healing, diabetes, and tumors.

Introduction: Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis or the progression of the variety of acute and chronic neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. The Saraswatarishta is an Ayurvedic medicine utilized in many health conditions such as anti-aging, to improve memory, immunity, and quality of semen and sperms to treat epilepsy and cosmetic use for skins. It is a liquid Ayurvedic medicine. Saraswatarishta contains 5%–10% of self-produced alcohol in it, which serves as a vehicle to deliver water- and alcohol-soluble active herbal components to the body. It is also called Sarasvatarishtam. The aim of this study was to find the possible neuroprotective role of Saraswatarishtam as a preventive Ayurveda and Siddha drug to hamper cholinergic dysfunctions and histopathological changes in scopolamine-treated rat model. Material and Methods: The compound Saraswatarishtam was obtained from standard Ayurvedic vendor at Chennai. Group 1 – normal control animals received normal saline for 8 continuous days. Group 2 – positive control treated with scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg). Group 3 – received 200 mg/kg of piracetam for 8 continuous days. Group 4 and Group 5 served as a test and received 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of Saraswatarishtam, respectively, for 8 continuous days. On the 8th day, after 90 min of drug administration, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 and Group 5, were treated with 0.4 mg/kg of scopolamine. Brain tissues were dissected out and analyzed for histopathological changes after sacrifice with high dose of halothane. Results: Administration of scopolamine produced marked focal gliosis with mononuclear infiltration. The hippocampal region showed neuronal degeneration with sclerosis. Piracetam treated group showed pyknotic nucleus in neurons of the cerebral cortex and mild edema. Low dose (200 mg/kg) treatment with Saraswatarishtam followed by scopolamine administration showed moderate histopathological changes such as mild infiltration of monocytes but normal neuronal architecture. High dose (400 mg/kg) treatment with Saraswatarishtam followed by scopolamine administration shows abnormal morphology of cerebrum, cerebellum, basal nuclei, and hippocampus. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that Saraswatarishtam exhibits neuroprotective properties against scopolamine-induced neuronal damage.

Abstract Objectives There is extensive data pointing to offspring outcomes related to maternal life incidents, but there is less research concerning the association between paternal life events and progeny brain development and behaviour. As male gametogenesis is a continuous process, the incidences happening in life can modify the epigenetic regulation, altering the offspring’s development and behaviour. The present study evaluates the effects of paternal stress during different life periods on their offspring’s learning ability, memory, morphological and biochemical changes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the rat model. Methods Four weeks’ old male rats were subjected to five variable stressors at the rate of one per day. Stress received male rats were bred with naive female rats for 1 to 3 nights. The offspring’s learning and memory were assessed by the Morris water maze test and automated Y maze. Following behavioural studies, offspring were euthanized to examine global DNA methylation, neurotransmitter levels, namely acetylcholine, glutamate in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Results The offspring of stress-induced animals exhibited a delay in acquiring learning and defect in memory and altered global DNA methylation in the hippocampus (p=0.000124). There was significant reduction of acetylcholine and glutamate levels in hippocampus (p=0.000018, p=0.00001, respectively) and in prefrontal cortex (p=0.00001, p=0.00001, respectively). HPA axis of offspring was altered considerably (p=0.00001). The histomorphometry of the prefrontal cortex and different hippocampal regions revealed a statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in neuronal numbers in the offspring of stressed animals compared to that of control. These impacts were markedly high in the offspring of fathers who received stress during both pubertal and adult periods. Conclusions The findings of this study demonstrate that paternal stress can impact offspring learning and memory.

Introduction: Cervical vertebrae owing to their small size and complex anatomy pose a serious challenge for instrumentation during surgery and increase the risk of injury to the adjacent neurovascular structures.  The aim of the study is to evaluate the linear measurements of the body, pedicle and foramen transversarium of C1 to C7 vertebrae and to correlate the data clinically. Methods: 138 vertebrae of unknown sex and age were classified into individual cervical vertebrae and the linear dimensions of vertebral body, pedicle and foramen transversarium were measured using digital vernier caliper. Shape of foramen transversarium and presence of accessory foramen were noted. Descriptive statistics and t test were performed to assess the difference between the sides. Results: The transverse length and height of the vertebral body and width of the pedicle were increasing from C3 to C7 vertebrae. Pedicle width of C2 to C6 vertebrae was less than 5.0 mm. Medio-lateral diameter of foramen transversarium increased from C6 to C4 and then decreased from C4 to C1. Unilateral accessory foramen transversarium were observed frequently in C5 vertebra and more commonly on right side.

ABSTRACT Context: The foramen ovale is an obliquely placed, oval-shaped opening at the base of the skull in the greater wing of sphenoid. As the foramen transmits mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery, lesser petrosal nerve, and emissary veins, it knowledge of its variations is of supreme interest for surgeons. Aims: The aim of this study is to study the metric and nonmetric variations, of the foramen ovale of 40 dry adult human dried skulls. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in the dissection hall of Chettinad Academy of Research and Education. The study undertaken here is an observational study. Subjects and Methods: Human skulls were studied for location, patency, and various morphometric parameters bilaterally. The materials used were thin copper wire and a digital Vernier caliper of precision 0.01 mm. Statistical Analysis Used: Metric and nonmetric data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Results: The shape of foramen ovale was D shaped in most of the skulls (35%) followed by almond (21%), elongated oval (15%), and oval shape (11%). The presence of bony variations like spur was seen in 27.5% foramina, bony septa in 3.75%, and duplication in 21.25% foramina. The mean length and width of foramen ovale were 6.51 ± 1.24 mm and 3.66 ± 0.82 mm on right and 6.59 ± 1.33 mm and 3.75 ± 0.68 mm on the left, respectively. The mean area of foramen ovale was 19.08 ± 5.71 mm2 and 17.88 ± 5.85 mm2 on the right and the left, respectively. Conclusions: A sound knowledge on the morphometric variations of the foramen ovale helps the operating surgeon to avoid damage to the adjacent structures.

Adverse experiences during pregnancy have a negative impact on the neuronal structure and behavior of offspring, but the effects of a father's life events on the outcome of progeny are scarce. The present study is intended to investigate whether paternal stress affects the offspring brain structure, especially those regions concerned with learning and formation of memory, namely the hippocampus (HC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), and also the expression of certain genes linked to learning and memory in the offspring. Induced stress to male rats by five stressors, one per day followed by allowing them to mate with the normal, unstressed female. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was assessed in the tissue sections of the HC and PFC as well as expression of genes concerned with learning and memory was evaluated by RT-PCR in the progeny of stress-received males. The progeny of stressed rats had reduced antisynaptophysin immunoreactivity in the HC and PFC. The synaptic density in HC was less in the A-S (Offspring of male rats who received stress during adulthood) and PA-S (offspring of male rats who received stress during both adolescence and adulthood) than in P-S (offspring of male rats who received stress during adolescence) and C-C (offspring of control) groups. Similar results were observed even in the PFC. The results of post hoc tests proved that the HC and PFC of the progeny of stress-exposed rats exhibited considerably less synaptic density than control (P

The herb Boerhavia diffusa (BD) is well-known in the Indian medicinal system. Punarnava is its vernacular name. BD is one of the chief ingredients in ayurvedic formulations used for urinary diseases. In the realm of phytochemistry, the plant has risen to prominence due to its diverse biological activities. Here, we reviewed the scientific literature available on administration of BD for acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, renal calculi, urinary tract infection, and COVID-19 related kidney disease and we also explored its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The nephroprotective effect of BD has been clearly demonstrated in in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical studies. The in vivo studies have yielded a plethora of data. The most commonly employed extracts were aqueous, hydroalcoholic, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts. Clinical studies have employed polyherbal combinations containing BD extract. Irrespective of the type of BD extract, all studies showed reduction in the key markers of kidney diseases, namely urea, creatinine, BUN, and proteins. It has antifibrotic property reducing the formation of extracelluar collagen deposition in the renal tubules, which is not much explored. The review highlights the importance of further research required in establishing the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of BD. With in-depth molecular research and clinical trials, BD could be developed into a novel therapeutic agent for the successful treatment of renal disorders especially the chronic kidney disease.

AbstractResearch focusChlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide used primarily to control pests on a variety of food and feed crops. Humans are directly or indirectly exposed to this pesticide through food, air, and occupation. The ill effects of chlorpyrifos on various organ systems of human has been widely documented, but less is known about its influence on human bones.AimTo analyze the effect of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol (TCPy) on the skeletal system of the chick embryo.Materials and MethodsFertilized chick eggs were exposed to different concentrations of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6‐TCPy on 1.5 days of incubation. The proximal phalanx of 18‐day‐old embryos was analyzed for defects in growth and ossification through histopathology, immunohistochemistry, angiogenesis assay, and gene expression study.ResultsDose‐dependent variations in developing bone of chick embryo were observed. Histochemical and histomorphometry studies of proximal phalanx showed increased in the growth plate length (F(9, 59) = 228.9509, p = .00001) with a reduction in the total length of the phalanx (F(9, 59) = 109.9905, p = .00001), decreased mineralization (F(9, 59) = 224.6872, p = .00001), decreased blood islands in the bone marrow (F(9, 59) = 7.7083, p = .0001) of chlorpyrifos, and 3,5,6‐TCPy‐exposed group. Significant downregulations in the expression patterns of the transcription factors, such as SOX9, RUNX2, and ALP, were also observed.ConclusionChlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6‐TCPy exposure alters the chondrogenesis in the growth plate cartilage of long bone in chick embryo. The pesticide and its metabolite also interfere in ossification.

Foramen ovale is seen in the base of the skull connecting the infratemporal fossa and middle cranial fossa. Knowledge of the exact location and dimensions of foramen ovale is essential for trigeminal rhizotomy, electroencephalogram of the temporal lobe and endonasal endoscopic trans-sphenoidal approach to the infratemporal fossa. In this literature review, articles reporting morphology, morphometry, and variations of foramen ovale in Indian skulls from standard databases between 1979 and 2022 were selected. The sample size ranged between 20 and 250 skulls. The common shape observed was oval (96.9%) and duplication of foramen ovale was seen commonly on the right-side. The presence of accessory bony structures, namely spine, tubercle, spur, septa and bar was reported but was difficult to compare due to a lack of uniform classification. The length, breadth, and area of foramen ovale ranged from 5.0-8.9 mm, 3.1-6.0 mm, and 19.1-34.2 mm2 , respectively. In the majority of the studies, no significant difference was observed in these parameters between the sides and between the sexes. These data will be useful while attempting surgical or invasive procedures in the skull base of Indian subjects and help to avoid damage to the structures passing through the foramen ovale and the resulting complications.

To localize the mandibular foramen in dry mandibles of adult and old age groups of South Indian origin by estimating its average distance from different anatomical landmarks and to provide a specific and precise site for inferior alveolar nerve block. : A total of 51 mandibles were taken for the study and the distance between the mandibular foramen and the various anatomical landmarks were measured using a digital vernier caliper. Presence of accessory mandibular foramen was observed and recorded. Difference between the sides and the correlation between the gonial angle and various distances were carried out.:Distance of mandibular foramen from anterior border was 16.41±2.44 mm and 16.85±2.55 mm, from posterior border was 10.28±2.08 mm and 10.13±2.02 mm, from mandibular incisure 22.5±3.13mm and 21.9±3.08mm, from mandibular base 23.72±3.37 mm and 24.5±3.27 mm, from third molar 15.27±11.99 mm and 16.85±11.60 mm, from apex of retro molar trigone 18.28±3.02 mm and 19.79±3.18 mm on right and left side respectively. There was no significant difference between the measurements of right and left sides. The measurements had a negative association with gonial angle. Accessory foramina were found to be present in 21and 23 mandibles on right and left side respectively.:Precise localization of mandibular foramen is clinically very important to achieve effective inferior alveolar nerve block prior to dental surgeries in the lower jaw. The present study establishes the presence of bilateral symmetry in the position of mandibular foramen with respect to various anatomical landmarks and the utility of gonial angle in localizing the mandibular foramen.

The global rise in diabetes has spurred interest in plant-based treatments. The plant Salacia oblonga exhibits antidiabetic activity by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and stimulating insulin secretion. The transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) is vital for beta cell stimulation, neogenesis, and insulin secretion. This study evaluated the impact of Salacia oblonga on insulin and glucagon secretion and PDX1 expression. Streptozotocin-induced male Wistar albino diabetic rats received glibenclamide (2 mg/kg) and aqueous extract of S. oblonga root (200 mg/kg) orally for 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, lipid profiles, and renal markers, were analyzed. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and PDX1 protein and gene expression in the pancreas were also assessed. Salacia oblonga significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and enhanced insulin and glucagon secretion in diabetic rats. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed recovery from streptozotocin-induced damage and increased numbers of beta and alpha cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses showed upregulation of PDX1 expression. Increased alpha cell mass and glucagon and insulin expression indicated alpha-to-beta cell trans-differentiation. Salacia oblonga root extract exhibited antidiabetic properties by upregulating PDX1 expression and promoting alpha-to-beta cell trans-differentiation. It also corrected fat and protein metabolism disturbances, highlighting its potential in preventing diabetic complications and making it a promising candidate for further diabetes research.

Introduction: Renal arteries vary in their number and arrangement. Accessory renal arteries (ARA), termed by various names in the literature, can arise from different arterial sources and may be single, double, or multiple. Understanding these variations is essential for various medical procedures. Aim: To determine the presence of ARA in the cadavers of South Indian origin and their origin and termination and to discuss its relevant clinical anatomy. Materials and methods: This descriptive study utilized 36 adult cadavers of South Indian origin aged between 50 and 80 years. The ARA observed were classified according to their origin and termination. The Chi-square test was used to determine the variation in the distribution of accessory arteries between the sides. Results: Among the 72 kidneys examined, 27.7% had ARA, with a left-sided preponderance. Most accessory arteries had an aortic origin and hilar or superior polar termination. Various forms of accessory arteries were observed, including those entering the anterior surface of the kidney, a rare phenomenon. Conclusion: The incidence of accessory arteries supplying the kidney emphasizes the importance of understanding renal vascular anatomy for clinical practice. Anatomical variations play a crucial role in selecting donors for renal transplantation and during various renal interventional procedures.

Pets have been seen as good companions to human beings since the eons. The rapid growth in science and technology has made the working population more prone to stress and related disorders. This study aimed to assess the effects of pet rearing on stress and sleep among the working population in Chennai. This cross-sectional study included 210 working adult professionals with Indian government-approved pets (103) and without pets (107). The study population comprised 74 males and 136 females. The demographic details and pet activities of the participants were assessed using a general questionnaire. Subjective assessment of stress was performed using the Perceived Stress Scale and objectively using heart rate variability. Sleep Quality was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Both pet and non-pet owners were identical in demographic details and showed moderate stress, as assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. Pet owners had reduced stress levels objectively (P <0.001), and sex-wise male pet owners had lower low-frequency and high-frequency heartbeat ratios (P <0.001), indicating lower stress than females. Pet owners were also found to have better quality of sleep than their counterparts (P = 0.006). The current study showed that pet rearing is associated with reduced stress and improved sleep quality among the working population in Chennai.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a complication of diabetes mellitus, is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease. Fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1) is a key protein involved in renal fibrosis through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Strychnos potatorum, a plant with various health benefits, has been studied for its potential to modulate FSP-1 expression in diabetic nephropathic rats. Thirty adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups and treated with an ethanolic extract of S. potatorum seeds (500 mg/kg) and metformin (50 mg/kg) for 30 days. Biochemical parameters, renal histopathology, and FSP-1immuno-histochemistry, gene, and protein expressions were analyzed. The S. potatorum-treated group showed serum creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose values of 0.70 ± 0.06, 39 ± 1.41, 19.31 ± 0.38, and 144.67 ± 8.71 mg/dl, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the untreated diabetic group. Excessive collagen deposition, atrophied renal tubules, and perivascular fibrosis observed in diabetic animals were attenuated in the S. potatorum-treated group. The gene and protein expression of FSP-1 was significantly reduced in the S. potatorum-treated group than in the untreated diabetic animals. Strychnos potatorum by attenuating the expression of FSP-1 has arrested the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and restored the normalcy of the podocyte’s slit diaphragm. Strychnos potatorum’s modulatory effect on FSP-1 could be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Strychnos potatorum seeds could be a promising drug for the treatment of DN pending clinical trials.

Introduction: Oxidative stress is a key factor in the development of chronic diseases, and plant products with well-established antioxidant properties have been investigated to counteract this phenomenon. Strychnos potatorum seeds are used to treat various ailments, including jaundice and diabetes. Moreover, they are used for water purification because of their coagulant properties. Aim: To explore the phytochemical constituents of the ethanol seed extract of S. potatorum and evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity and in silico physicochemical characterisation. Methods: This research examined the phytochemical profile, antioxidant properties, HPTLC, and in silico characterisation of bioactive compounds identified by GC-MS analysis of the ethanol seed extract of Strychnos potatorum (EESP). Results: Phytochemical analyses identified the presence of triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. In vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated that EESP exhibited concentration-dependent free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 70.04 µg/ mL (DPPH), 83.05 µg/mL (ABTS), 116.27 µg/mL (FRAP), and 87.47 µg/mL (hydrogen peroxide), compared to ascorbic acid. SwissADME in silico analysis showed that 16 of the 17 compounds identified in the GC-MS analysis complied with Lipinski’s rule, suggesting drug-like properties and favourable bioavailability. Conclusion: These findings suggest that EESP may effectively mitigate diseases associated with oxidative stress and represent a potential candidate for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Further clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy of EESP-derived compounds in human subjects, which are crucial for translating these findings into therapeutic applications. Major Findings: Strychnos potatorum seed extract shows rich phytochemical content and free radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid. In silico analysis shows 16 of 17 bioactive compounds follow Lipinski’s rule, indicating good bioavailability.

Background Adolescence is a phase of life that prioritizes career and life choices, leading to increased stress levels. Increases in stress levels are seen as a key risk factor for cardiovascular and muscular disorders. Pulse Wave Velocity is a non-invasive and reliable measure of arterial stiffness. Biomechanical fatigue is a reliable marker for estimating fatigue levels, indicating physical efficiency. The current study aimed to find out the impact of stress on biomechanical fatigue and arterial stiffness among adolescents in the Indian population. Materials & methods The study was conducted among 664 participants from three schools randomly selected from Chennai. After collecting basic demographics, stress was assessed by evaluating all three components of stress i.e., psychological, neural, and hormonal components using the perceived stress scale, Heart rate variability, and Salivary Cortisol. Biomechanical fatigue was assessed using Fatigue Pictogram and arterial stiffness was measured by Pulse Wave Velocity. Results The current study results disclose that stress was found to have a negative influence on sleep hygiene, biomechanical fatigue, arterial function, and academic performance (p < 0.05). Fatigue pictogram has shown that there is no significant association between stress and physical fatigue (p-0.128). Most of the stressed participants were found to have an increased Pulse wave velocity (PWV) (67.4 %), which was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The current study suggests that stress significantly impacts biomechanical fatigue which leads the students to inadequate academic and physical performance. Furthermore, stress can also predispose to the early onset of prehypertension due to increased arterial stiffness.