Prof. Afroj Ayyaj Shaikh

In this review report, an attempt made to present an overview of schizophrenia & those drugs which are used in treatment of psychiatric disorders as well as some treatments for psychosis. In 1908, the schizophrenia word was coined by Eugen Bleuler (Swiss psychiatrist). The use antipsychotics as medication began from 1933 in France. Laborit and Huguenard administrated the aliphatic Phenothiazine, Chlorpromazine during surgery due to its potential anesthetic effect, in 1951. Thereafter, Hamon and Delay extended the use of this treatment in psychiatric patients. Due to abnormal brain structure & functioning occurs schizophrenia as well as psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia a condition in people unable to differentiate between real & imaginary world. In this article we all know about Schizophrenia & Antipsychotics drugs. In that include symptoms & their types, cause, risk factor, antipsychotics classification & their pharmacology etc. In that there are three types of symptoms namely positive, Negative, Cognitive. Exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown. In the treatment of Schizophrenia or psychotics disorders the physicians commonly used antipsychotic medicines or drugs to treat their symptoms. Antipsychotic drugs further divided into two major classes namely Typical & Atypical antipsychotics. Chlorpromazine is the first medicine or drug which is used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Clozapine is most effective or potent antipsychotics drug. Which is belongs to the atypical antipsychotics which are reducing the risk of schizoaffective patients. Physicians recommend a combination of antipsychotics along with psychotherapy. In this article we have covered Brahmyadiyoga is an Ayurvedic remedies.   Keywords: Psychosis, Mental disorder, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotics, Brahmyadiyoga, Ayurvedic Treatments

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) are most importantly used in the clinical practice for cardio vascular diseases from 1990. The LMWH was a sulfated polysaccharide obtained from animal sources and some in natural especially from marine sources. The actual anticoagulant has the molecular weight about 25000 Daltons which have bleeding as side effect in the cardiovascular diseases. The LMWH are prepared by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis the length of the heparin chain is reduced and also in same manner the molecular weight also reduced below 10000 Daltons. So, it has main advantage to reduce the bleeding in the cardiovascular diseases. The LMWH eliminated through the renal and it was not given to the patients with renal dysfunction. The LMWH of some product are still in clinical trials in order to reduce its side effects. The commercial LMWH preparation has concentrated in animal sources by killing them and lungs, intestine etc are used to prepare heparin. Here the alternate sources are discussed in order from killing the animal. This review summarizes the importance, difference between commercial heparin and LMWH, mechanism, preparation, LMWH products, clinical trials and LMWH from marine sources, Enzymatic degradation in shrimp species, Preparation of LMW heparin by chemically modified Fractions, Chromatography separation of LMW Heparin are discussed in this review. Keywords: Anticoagulant, Mechanism, Preparation, Clinical trials, Heparin, Daltons

An overview of the use of nanoparticles for topical drug delivery will be given in this review paper. Several experiments have been conducted in the past 25 years to remove some of the obstacles to skin delivery. These investigations have led to a rather modest progress in technology. A more recent method involved increasing the medication's concentration in the carrier to increase drug flow into and through the skin. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic medications can be delivered using nanoparticles, which have the ability to release drugs under regulated conditions over an extended period of time. It also increases patient compliance. Liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles have the potential to be useful as topical medication delivery methods. Keywords: Nanoparticles, Transdermal drug delivery, Skin barrier, Surface charge

The primary supply of minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and other nutrients in the globe is found in fruits and fruit peels. They are a source of supplementary antioxidants as well. DPPH radical scavenging, Catalase activity, and Total Reducing Power were used to assess the antioxidant potential of Punica granatum, Citrus limetta, and Musa paradisiaca. The best antioxidant activity for DPPH assays is demonstrated by methanol peel extracts of Punica granatum (97.35), Musa paradisiaca (98.1), and Citrus limetta (96.08) at a concentration of 0.1 mM/ml. Citrus limetta and Musa paradisiaca had the highest antioxidant capabilities, with catalase activity of fresh Punica granatum peel measuring 0.13 mg/ml, 0.02 mg/ml, and 0.02 mg/ml, respectively. The greatest total decreasing inhibition. Citrus limetta (98.35%), Musa paradisiaca (97.53%), and Punica granatum peel extract have the highest levels of overall reducing power inhibition. The antioxidant efficiency of each fruit peel extract used in the current study is good. Keywords: Antioxidant potential, DPPH radical scavenging, Catalase activity, Total Reducing Power

In this review article, an attempt was made to present an overview of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of insulin resistance syndrome characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Diabetes is not a contagious disease. We can say Insulin dependent disorder. Nowadays, Diabetes Mellitus detect in many more peoples all over the World. In this report, we all know about Diabetes Mellitus. In that, we include its classification, sign & symptoms, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment etc. It’s had Four types, namely type 1, type 2, gestational Diabetes Mellitus & Other specific types such as, lada, mody. Fatigue Polyphagia, Polydipsia, polyuria, vomiting, dehydration etc., are common signs & symptoms are observed in Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is mainly caused by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. Its cause’s autoimmune disorders such as Addison’s Disease, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis & Graves’ disease. Some genetic factors, prior family history, environmental factors, autoimmune destruction, high insulin resistance these factors increase the risk of the development of diabetes mellitus. Most of the diabetic patients are older adults. Blood Glucose tests are used to detect diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is helpful to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus. For some patients, we used Islet replacement therapy and stem cell therapy used. In diabetes mellitus treatment, some drugs are used, such as miglitol, metformin, nateglinide, pioglitazone, glipizide, dapagliflozin, colestimide, bromocriptine etc. it's known as anti-diabetic drugs. Diabetics patients are more fastly rise in World.

The central nervous system disorders represent a worldwide public health problem. Neuro-degeneration is associated with many transitions in brain including synaptic disorder and neuro-cognition decline. It is shielded by a barrier which controls the entry of compounds into the brain known as blood brain barrier (BBB), there by regulating brain homeostasis. In achieving a therapeutic amount of drug to the proper site of action in the body and then maintaining the desired amount of drug concentration for a sufficient time interval to be clinically effective for treatment. Particularly, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are becoming further established in the elderly inhabitants of the society. These ailments usually encompass advanced degeneration & neuronal loss, rendering these disorders spread and difficult to treat. There are various types of pharmaceutical approaches to treat the neurological disorders. The drug loaded Nano-carriers are one of them. In this review, we will address the different applications of drug loaded Nano-carriers in the treatment of various neurological disorders. The Nano-carriers developed to enhance drug delivery across the BBB include micelles, exosomes, liposomes, nanotubes, nanoparticle, Nano emulsions, dendrimers, Nano gels, and quantum dots, etc. The recent developments in Nano-carriers’ implementation through size/charge optimization and surface modifications like PE Gylation, targeting delivery, and coating with surfactants have been discussed, and a detailed description of the Nano-scaled pharmaceutical delivery devices employed for the treatment of central nervous system disorders has also been defined. This review provides a brief overview of the variety of carriers employed for central nervous system drug and diagnostic probes delivery. Keywords: Nano­carriers, Liposome, Exosomes, Drug delivery, Blood brain barrier