P Sofia

Abstract

Introduction: The spleen is the largest organ of lymphatic system in the human body with distinct circulatory and immunomodulatory functions. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of splenic anatomical variations and dimensions are essential for early diagnosis, appropriate management and prevention of various infectious diseases and prevention of complications during splenectomy for surgeons. Aim: The aim of the study is to find morphology of spleen in fetus specimens, morphology of spleen in adults and the incidence of variations in the morphology of spleen in both fetal and adult specimens. Material and Methods: The present study included 40 fetal and 40 adult cadaveric spleen. The morphological features like shape, poles, borders, surfaces and the impressions of spleen were observed. Results: In the Fetal group, most common shape observed was wedge or segment of an orange in 52.5%, tetrahedral in 35%, triangular in 7.5%. In the present study in adult specimens, 52.5% of spleen were tetrahedral, 35 % were wedge or segment of an orange, 20% were triangular and 2.5% were oval in shape. Of total 80% of the spleen showed notches. Conclusion: Exclusive knowledge of morphological variations, antenatal detection of splenic anomalies a re beneficial to elucidate developmental defects, early diagnosis and prompt treatment of intrauterine infections. The awareness of them morphological variations of spleen is of fundamental importance to the clinicians, radiologists, Hematologists and surgeons while performing surgical procedures on spleen. Keywords: Spleen, Splenic notch, Morphological variations, Splenectomy, Spleen, Splenic notch, Morphological variations, Splenectomy.

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Abstract

Introduction: Thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped richly vascular, brownish-red endocrine organ, located at the lower part of the neck opposite to the fifth, sixth and seventh cervical and the first thoracic vertebrae. On account of developmental abnormalities thyroid gland shows various morphological anomalies like absence of isthmus, ectopic position, and absence of any one of the lateral lobes. Aims: The present study is aimed at documentation of morphological abnormalities and their incidences of thyroid gland, which is useful for the surgeons to plan for proper surgical procedures in thyroid disease. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in 50 cadavers (39 male & 11 female) in coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. Results: There is variable lobular pattern in 21 (42%) cadavers. Out of these, isthmus was absent in 8 (20.5%) male, and 3 (27.3%) female cadavers. Relation of tracheal rings to the isthmus was noted. Pyramidal lobe was present in 17 (43.5%) male and 2 female (18.1%) cadavers. Pyramidal lobe is frequently arising from the Isthmus. Levator glandulae thyroideae (LGT) was present in 16 (41%) male and 2 (18.1%) female cadavers. The average height and thickness of right lobe is 4.3cm and 1.15 cm and left lobe is 4.2cm and 1.15cm. Conclusion: As developmental abnormalities of the thyroid gland are common, it is essential to know their variations and incidences for successful thyroid surgeries. Keywords: Thyroid gland, Pyramidal lobe, Isthmus, Levator glandulae thyroideae.

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