Suma Yekapppa Hottigoudar

Abstract

Purpose: To describe a complex case of anomalous kidneys involving right early division of renal artery, left accessory renal artery, bilateral upper polar arteries and bilateral extrarenal calyces. This is a very rare case documented having these four anomalies together. Methods: The variations were observed during routine anatomical dissection in a male cadaver at department of anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India Case Report: During dissection, multiple anatomical variations involving the structures at the hilum of right kidney were found. Right kidney showed early division of renal artery (RRA) 1.4 cm close to aorta. Left kidney showed accessory renal artery (LARA) 5 mm above origin of main renal artery (LRA), running obliquely entering the hilum. Two polar arteries were seen entering upper pole on right kidney as well as left kidney (RUPA1, RUPA2, LUPA1, LUPA2). Extrarenal calyces were observed to be present in both the kidneys, two on the right and three on the left. Conclusion: The variations observed are of importance as multiple anomalies are present in a single cadaver. They are of significance during surgical procedures like renal transplantation, aortic surgeries and in radiological interpretation.   Keywords: Early division of renal artery, Accessory renal artery, Anomalous renal artery, Polar renal artery, Extrarenal calyces.

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Abstract

Leptin is a polypeptide hormone, mainly secreted by the adipocytes that regulates the energy expenditure of the body. Since its discovery, various researches have been conducted to find out about its role in human body. Leptin receptor (Ob-R) is a membrane spanning receptor with six different isoforms. The long isoform of leptin receptor is the major form found in various tissues of the human body such as brain, lymphocytes, stomach, intestine, pancreas, liver and placenta. This article discusses about the structure of leptin receptor, its various locations in the human body, effects due to the deficiency of leptin receptors and its evolving therapeutic applications.   Keywords: Leptin, Receptor, Leptin deficiency, Location of receptor.

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