Rakesh Jora

Abstract

Background: Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy reveals abnormal pathological findings in 55% patients of iron deficiency anemia therefore gastrointestinal pathology should be ruled out iron deficiency anemia not responding to the treatment. Aim: To determine the role of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and find out the pathological changes which occur in children with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 95 pediatric patients with iron deficiency anemia in the age group between 3 to 17 years who underwent routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. All potential bleeding lesions were identified and biopsy samples were taken from 2nd part of duodenum for histopathological examinations. Results: The mean age of cases was 7.33.3 years. Endoscopy revealed abnormal finding in 63.1% patients. The gastrointestinal pathologies identified were celiac disease in 22 patients, nonspecific duodenitis in 11 patients, H.Pylori duodenitis in 8 patients, erosive duodenitis in 7 patients and giardiasis in 3 patients. Conclusion: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has a definitive role in identifying the underlying cause of iron deficiency anemia in patients not responding to conventional therapy. Keywords: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, Duodenal biopsy, Iron deficiency anemia.

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Abstract

Introduction: Vaccine preventable infectious diseases like measles, whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria are very important causes of morbidity and mortality in the younger infants and children in developing countries. The present study was therefore planned to evaluate and elaborate the factors responsible for this scenario. Materials and Methods: The current study was carried out in the Department of Pediatrics, Umaid Hospital, Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur, over a period of 12 months. During this period admitted cases of measles, whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus were included in the present study. The diagnosis of vaccine preventable disease was made on clinical ground and supportive laboratory evidence & complications of these diseases were also studied. Results: The incidence of vaccine preventable diseases was 1.63% amongst hospitalized cases during the study period. Incidences of measles, pertussis, tetanus and diphtheria were 0.85%, 0.47%, 0.15% and 0.14% respectively. Measles cases (52.40%) were highest in number amongst all vaccine preventable diseases. Pneumonia was the main respiratory complication in measles (82.44%) and pertussis cases (78.07%). The mortality rates of measles, pertussis & diphtheria were 6.8%, 2.73% and 13.63% respectively. Conclusion: There is still a very high incidence of vaccine preventable diseases despite multiple national programmes and ongoing stress on these and associated programmes. Reappraisal of immunization programs and strategies including effective control measures will ultimately help to eradicate the vaccine preventable diseases. Keywords: Infectious diseases, Preventable disease, Immunization and vaccination.

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