Nilam Bhasker

We are aware that epidemiological studies have established significant geographical and ethnic differences and this disproportionality is quite high in Southeast Asia, but the numbers are few in the America and other parts of world. Age, female gender, congenital biliary tract abnormalities and genetic predisposition represent imperative irreversible risk factors. Environment factors too have been implicated in causing gallbladder carcinoma. Other causes of gall bladder carcinoma include bile duct cholelithiasis, chronic inflammatory conditions and parasite infestation. These occurrences are associated with high mortality rates. Countries with highest gallstone prevalence usually suffer with greatest gallbladder cancer mortality. Indistinct and unclear clinical signs frequently prolong the gallbladder cancer diagnosis and lead to its eventual development and poor prognosis. Therefore, surgery seems to be viable treatment option which is practiced all around the globe since decades. Some patients are lucky to have gallbladder cancer treated incidentally when cholecystectomy is performed for cholelithiasis. This review is an attempt to genuinely explore the current trends in adenocarcinoma of gall bladder in Northern Indian region by clinicohistological approach. Keywords: Gallbladder, Gallbladder Carcinoma, Gallstones, Cholelithiasis.

Introduction: Head and neck lesions are common as compared to other body lesions. In head and neck swellings- cervical lymph node swellings, thyroid swellings and salivary gland enlargement are included. Fine needle aspiration cytology ( FNAC)is less invasive, cost effective, safe and satisfactory OPD procedure. Aims and objective: To study the spectrum of lesions in head and neck in our semi urban area. And also assess the role of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosing the palpable head and neck swelling. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in department of pathology over a duration of 6 months on all age group patients in both sex male, female. This study had included total number of 392 patients with neck swelling in both kind of patients either indoor or outdoor. The fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) procedure was done in these patients with using 23 gauge needle and 20 ml disposable syringe for aspiration. Results: The study included total number of 392 cases. FNAC revealed 247 cases (63.01%) of cervical lymph node in which non neoplastic lesions were in 146(59.11%) and malignant lesions were in 85(34.41%) cases in which metastatic carcinoma was common. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology will be more helpful in neck swelling because of safe, cost effective and less painful comparatively biopsy. It can be easily performed in children and old age patients without giving anaesthesia. Keywords: Cervical Lymph nodes, FNAC thyroid head and neck swellings.