Arun Kumar M

Abstract

Introduction: Osteoarthritis of knee (KOA) is the most common cause of morbidity in the elderly. As the knee joint is involved in weight- bearing, aging causes wear and tear of cartilages in the knee joint resulting in degenerative changes. Kellgren-Lawrence grading of knee OA are described according to the findings noted on the X-ray of Knee Joint. Low-level laser therapy in the management of knee osteoarthritis. The assessment of pain and disability in subjects with grade II and grade III KOA before and after the low-level laser therapy was done using the questionnaires. Materials and Methods: Forty-five Subjects who are symptomatic and who had radiological criteria based on Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade II and III were included in the study. Visual analog scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and Lequesne index of pain and disability was used before and after low level laser therapy in the subjects of the study. Results: There was no statistical difference between the grade II and grade III KOA for VAS, WOMAC scores. However, there was statistically significant difference in Lequesne index scores between the grade III KOA participants (p = 0.027) not for grade II KOA. Conclusion: Lequesne index had a smaller number of question when compared to WOMAC and more specific questions when compared to VAS. The questionnaire is specific to assessment of progression of functional status of the individual in grade III knee OA. Keywords: Low Level laser therapy, Knee osteoarthritis, Visual analog scale, Kellgren-Lawrence grade.

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Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common metabolic disorder and diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to damage of microvasculature supplying the retina and optic pathway. Visual evoked potential is the most commonly used test to evaluate the integrity of visual pathway. The purpose of the study is to compare the visual evoked potential latency and amplitude between the pre-diabetes, diabetes and normal controls. Materials and Methods: There were three groups in the study with 23 patients in each group; pre-diabetic group, diabetic group and controls. Group was made based on fasting blood sugar levels. Pattern visual evoked potential was measured in all the groups by connecting scalp electrodes according to 10-20 International electrode placement system. Latency and amplitude of N75, P100 and N145 were measured and used for statistical analysis. Results: All the parameters individually were compared between three groups using ANOVA test. There was no statistical difference between latencies and amplitude all the three parameters N75, P100, N145 in all the three channels O1-NE, O2- NE, Oz-NE in all the three groups. Conclusion: There is no differences in the visual evoked potential latency and amplitude in the between pre-diabetics, diabetes and controls. Keywords: Visual evoked Potential, Diabetic retinopathy, Pre-diabetes, P100, N75, N145.

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