Aruna Lahari N

Abstract

Introduction: Breast cancer has been one of the frequent cancers among women. VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor, contributes to tumor angiogenesis and is upregulated in various cancers. It plays a critical role in cancer progression and is of prognostic significance in breast cancers. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyse the VEGF expression in various breast lesions ranging from benign to malignant in comparison with normal breast. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 20 cases of normal breast, 40 cases of benign breast lesions and 40 cases of malignant breast lesions. The VEGF immunohistochemical overexpression was studied on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections. Results: Statistical analysis using Chi square test was done and p value of Conclusions: The study revealed significant correlation between VEGF expression and malignancies of breast. It was noted that positive tumor cases had poor prognosis and had biologically aggressive behavior. Keywords: Breast cancer, Immunohistochemistry, VEGF.

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Abstract

Introduction: Anemia is a global public health problem and is a significant contributor to the global health disease. It is more prevalent among low socioeconomic groups. Young children are more vulnerable to the effects of anemia since it retards the physical and mental growth and development. Material and Methods: Hospital based prospective cross sectional study was undertaken for a period of 3 months. 200 cases were included for the study with hemoglobin less than 12g% and age group ranging from 6 months to 5 years. Results: Maximum numbers of the patients were in the range of 6 months to 1 year. Proportions of anemia in males was 58% when compared to females 42%. Microcytic hypochromic anemia was the commonest type of anemia. Of 200 children with anemia studied, 102 children had Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia, 41 children had Normocytic Normochromic Anemia, 38 children had Normocytic Hypochromic Anemia,15 children had Dimorphic Anemia and 4 children had Macrocytic Anemia. Conclusion: Study of patterns of anemia is essential to direct the investigation since it reflects the underlying etiopathological factors. The Peripheral smear study with automated hemogram is beneficial and sufficient for diagnosis and morphological sub typing of anemia for the Paediatric population. Keywords: Anemia, Children, Dimorphic, Hypochromic, Microcytic.

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