Shalini Kumar

Abstract

Introduction: The placenta is a chorioallantoic, deciduate, haemochorial and villous organ. It is a vital organ which transfers vital nutrients from the mother to the foetus and removes waste products from the foetus to the mother. There has been paucity of literature regarding the morphometric study of human placenta and its vascular pattern (magisterial or dispersed) by corrosion cast technique. Therefore, the present study was conducted on morphometry and vascular pattern of the human placentae. Aim: To do the morphological and morphometric study of placenta and to study the vascular pattern of placenta by corrosion cast technique. Materials and Methods: Study was done on 43 placentae and its morphometric study and vascular pattern were studied by corrosion cast technique. Results: Oval was the most common shape of placenta observed in the present study. Out of 43 placentae, 22(51.16%) had oval, 16(37.20%) placentae had round shape followed by triangular in 3(6.97%) placentae. Only 1 (2.32%) placenta each found to be irregular and multilobed. Most common shape recorded in complicated pregnancy was oval followed by round. Magisterial pattern was found in 13.95% of placenta and was associated with oval shape constituting 25.58% of placentae. Mixed pattern was seen in 18.60% placentae and was associated with oval placentae(23.25%). The disperse pattern was seen in 4.65% and was associated with oval and irregular placentae each constituting(2.32%). Conclusion: The vascular cast preparation of placentae in our study will further help in contribution towards the understanding of the placental vasculature. An effort should be made for performing more studies on placentae of complicated pregnancies eg: hypertension and diabetes etc.   Keywords: Placenta, Corrosion cast, Vascular pattern.

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Abstract

Background: New CBME curriculum has laid emphasis on early clinical exposure (ECE) in the current year. Thirty hours are dedicated in the curriculum in first year for ECE. Due to Covid-19 pandemic that started in march 2019 the students could not be taken to hospitals for their ECE sessions and all the teaching and practical sessions were shifted to online sessions. So it was decided to give the students ECE through online classes. As it was a totally new experience for both the students and the faculty to take all classes online. A feedback was taken from first year students regarding their first experience for taking the ECE sessions online. Aim: Introduce the online session for ECE in First year MBBS during the Covid era. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was done on 90 first year MBBS students who consented for this study in Department of Anatomy, HIMSR, Delhi after getting approval from Institutional Ethical committee. The duration of study was of four months that is between September 2020 to December 2020. ECE sessions were taken for 2 topics i.e foot drop and varicose veins by online mode during the lockdown due to the pandemic. ECE modules for the topics were prepared and sessions were conducted as recommended by MCI. The learning objectives were set and total duration of each session was 3-4 hours. The Questionnaire was prepared and the feed back of these sessions was taken by google forms and statistical analysis was done. Results: Majority of the students (97%) responded that ECE module was helpful. 66% responded that videos shown in the session has helped them to learn more. 29% students were of opinion that the discussion part of the session has helped them to learn the topic better. 89.2% found the ECE module in making the topic interesting and 49.2% students were of opinion that online sessions should be conducted along with classroom settings. Conclusion: The students recognized the importance of online ECE sessions during pandemic. They found these sessions helpful. They found the videos related to clinical cases more useful and helped them in making the topics interesting and motivated them further to read the topic. Keywords: Early clinical exposure, CBME curriculum.

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Abstract

Introduction: Anatomical structures involving muscles and nerves in the gluteal region are important as any variations of Sciatic nerve (SN) and its surrounding muscles like piriformis muscle (PM) can lead to entrapment or compression of this nerve causing sciatica and piriformis syndrome. Aim: To find out variations in the gluteal region related to piriformis muscle and the nerves surrounding it. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 20 embalmed cadavers (total 40 gluteal regions) during routine cadaveric dissection. The anatomical relations of the piriformis and surrounding nerves i.e. sciatic nerve, its divisions and gluteal nerves were studied. Results: The dissection was done on 40 gluteal regions. In 36 gluteal regions (90%) the sciatic nerve emerged below the piriformis as a single trunk. While in 4 gluteal regions (10%) there was a higher division of sciatic nerve. In one cadaver we observed an accessory piriformis muscle just inferior to the main piriformis muscle. The sciatic nerve was also dividing higher up into common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve in the gluteal region. The common peroneal nerve (CPN) was observed emerging between the main and the accessory piriformis muscle. Along with it the inferior gluteal nerves were also seen traversing between the main and the accessory piriformis muscle. Conclusion: Knowledge of anatomical variations in the gluteal region is important to explain the myalgia and neuropathies in this region. This knowledge is also important in performing hip surgeries and giving intramuscular injections in the gluteal region. Keywords: Piriformis muscle, Inferior gluteal nerve, Common peroneal nerve.

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