Ashwini A Zanke

Abstract

(AD) is common, chronic skin disorders that can significantly quality of life of affected individuals as well as their families. Although the pathogenesis of the disorder is not completely understood, it appears to result from the complex interplay between defects in skin barrier function, environmental & infectious agents, & immune deregulation. There are no diagnostic tests for AD; therefore, the diagnosis is based on specific clinical criteria that corticosteroids, Topical calcineurin inhibitors Atopic dermatitis(AD) is a chronic, highly pruritic(itchy) inflammatory skin disease, & is one of the most common skin disorders in children. The disorder results in significant morbidity & adversely affects quality of life.Not only are patients affected by the social stigma of a visible skin condition, but the intense itching characteristic of the disease often leads to skin trauma & significant sleep disturbances. In addition, management of the condition necessitates the frequent application of emollients (agents that soothe, moisturize take into account the patient’s history & clinical manifestations. Successful management of the disorder requires a multifaceted approach that involves education, optimal skin care practices, anti-inflammatory treatment with topical corticosteroids and/or topical calcineurin inhibitors, the management of pruritus, & the treatment of skin infections. Systemic immunosuppressive agents may also be used, but are generally reserved for severe flare-ups or more difficult-to-control disease. Topical corticosteroids are the first-line pharmacologic treatments for AD, & evidence suggests that these agents may also be beneficial for the prophylaxis of disease flare-ups. Although the prognosis for patients with AD is generally favourable, those patients with severe, widespread disease & concomitant atopic conditions, such as asthma & allergic rhinitis, are likely to experience poorer outcomes. Keywords: Atopic dermatitis, Diagnosis & management, Emollients, Skin care practices, Topical & soften the skin) & topical medications, as well as physician visits. AD also poses a significant economic burden with an estimated annual cost in Canada of $1.4 billion. Current evidence suggests that AD is a primary skin barrier defect that facilitates the development of other atopic conditions., In fact, AD is often the initial step in the “atopic march” (the sequential development of allergic disease manifestations during early childhood), which leads to asthma and/or allergic rhinitis in the majority of afflicted patients.Early AD may also be a causative factor in the development of food allergy. Newer insights into AD suggest that both structural abnormalities of the skin & immune dyregulation play important roles in the pathophysiology of the disease. Therefore, optimal management of AD requires a multifaceted approach aimed at healing & protecting the skin barrier & addressing the complex immune pathogenesis of the disease. This article provides an overview of current literature related to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, & appropriate management of AD   Keywords: Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostic criteria for AD, Allergy assessment, Prevention, Treatment

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Abstract

A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, currently known as 2019-nCoV) cause an acute respiratory disease which is termed as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recently has spread firstly in China and subsequently to other parts of world too and therefore, received worldwide attention. After the spread in China,World Health Organization (WHO) on 30 January 2020 officially declared the COVID-19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern. In the twenty-first century, firstly in 2002, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the severe acute respiratory syndrome followed by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, which was also remarked as the highly pathogenic and large-scale epidemic coronavirus affected the human population. As per data released by WHO on 1 March 2020, globally a total of 87,137 cases and 79,968 cases in China were confirmed with 2977 deaths (3.4%) worldwide. Subsequently, researchers have identified that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to b -coronavirus, which is quite similar to genome which belongs to bat coronavirus, declaring bat as the natural host for the particular virus. The novel coronavirus make use of the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which was used by SARS-CoV, and chiefly spreads through the respiratory tract. Dominantly, this COVID-19 virus shows evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission, across the globe. The foremost clinical symptoms showing by most of the patients were fever, dry cough, fatigue, difficulty in breathing and less commonly gastrointestinal infections. The older and persons with underlying diseases like any cardiac problem, diabetes, cancer or kidney problems are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and also vulnerable to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm. If we talk about the treatment part, currently, there are few specific antiviral strategies, but several drug regimen and other antibody type investigations are under trial. The present review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 with the current treatment procedures and future scientific advancements to combat the epidemic novel coronavirus.  Keywords: Corona virus, COVID19, Fever, Pandemic, Respiratory.

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