Alpa Patel

Abstract

Background: Salmonella enteric serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are known to cause enteric fever. Multidrug resistance in S. Typhi and S.Paratyphi has emerged as a cause of concern. Aims: To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S.Paratyphi obtained from blood culture. Materials and Methods: All S. enteric isolates obtained from blood cultures of clinically suspected cases of enteric fever coming to microbiology laboratory, Nirmal hospital, from January 2015 to September 2017 were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined using commercial antimicrobial disks chloramphenicol (30 g), nalidixic acid (30 g), ampicillin (10 g), azithromycin (15 g), cotrimoxazole (1.25/23.75 g), ciprofloxacin (5 g), and ceftriaxone (30 g). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines of respective year by KirbyBauer disc diffusion method. Result: Total 330 isolates of salmonella are there out of that 298 is Salmonella typhi. 32 are Salmonella para A, while 1 is of Salmonella para B. Enteric fever cases pick month are April, May, June and July. Sensitivity to first line drugs are > 80%, Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) are 79%, while Multi drug resistant (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole all three)Salmonella are 3%.  Conclusion: Periodic evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility pattern is necessary to see changing pattern of antibiotics. Evaluation of Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella and periodic evaluation of multi drug resistant Salmonella is also important as emergence of MDR strain is observed in our study.   Keywords: Multi drug resistant, Nalidixic acid resistance, Salmonella typhi, Typhoid

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Abstract

Background: In a highly globalized world, where boundaries are continually crossed due to different international activities, tropical diseases including Leptospirosis have emerged as significant causes of severe illness and death in untreated patients. Aim: To optimize the culture isolation of Leptospira by using different culture methods. Materials and Methods: All suspected cases of Leptospirosis regardless of their age/sex were recruited following informed and written consent. Five different blood culture methods have been tried to see better isolation of Leptospira from patient. Result: Total 326 patients are evaluated over a period of three years. Five different method of blood culture were followed out of that, whole blood culture technique shows better result compaire to other followed technique. Conclusion: The culture methods are gold standard but time consuming. It has an important role in the study of outbreaks. It provides epidemiological data that is helpful in studying pathogenesis of Leptospira. Keywords: Leptospirosis, Blood culture,  Isolation, EMJH medium. 

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