Rachegowda N

Abstract

Background: Haller cells (HCs) are anatomical variations, which observed as incidental findings on CT scan of paranasal sinuses, which may contribute to sinusitis. Medial aspect of orbital floor and lateral to the maxillary infundibulum is common location, which causes recurrent maxillary sinusitis. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of HCs and to see its association with ipsilateral maxillary sinusitis. Materials and Methods: This Hospital based retrospective study was conducted in Department of Radiology, RL Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre, Kolar. In this study, CT images of 680 patients were collected and analyzed. Results: Overall prevalence ofHC was 15.6%, of which 74.2% of cells was associated with maxillary sinusitis. Large sized HCs and ipsilateral maxillary sinusitis showed an association. However, small and medium size of HCs and ipsilateral maxillary sinusitis not showed any association. Conclusion: The present study may conclude that presence of HCs cannot be attributed to maxillary sinusitis, size of the air cell should be considered, these are the anatomical variations associated with maxillary sinus pathologies. HCs may be one of the causes for sinusitis.   Keywords: Haller cells, Maxillary sinusitis, Paranasal sinus, Infraorbital ethmoid air cell

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Abstract

Background: The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit is recognized marker of prenatal androgen exposure. A few studies linked to sporting ability and 2D:4D ratio. In this study, we observed professional body builders ratio of 2nd to 4th digit in comparison with controls. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in department of Physiology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, India. In this study, 37 male body builders training at various gymnasiums who have participated in various competitions at national/international level were scanned and considered as cases. The lengths of 2nd and 4th digits of two hands were measured and calculated the ratios. The obtained values compared with 50 age and BMI matched controls (50 males), without any participation in sports/athletic activities. Results: In this study, age and height were not significant, however, weight and BMI showed significant increase in cases than controls. Significant reduction in the ratio of 2nd :4th digit left (0.95±0.03) and 2nd :4th digit right (0.950.02) were observed in cases than controls. The 2nd :4th digit (? r –l) were not altered between two groups. Conclusion: Reduced ratio of 2nd :4th digit were observed in cases than controls. Keywords: 2D:4D ratio, Indian, Body builders.

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