Sivaramakrishnan Muthanandam

Abstract

After the gut microbiota the second largest microbial community harbouring the human system is the oral cavity. The Human Oral Microbiome (HOM) comprise of over 700 species of bacteria, viral, fungi, protozoa, archaea which can affect the initiation and development of numerous localized and systemic diseases. Respiratory problems, mechanical ventilation and poor oral hygiene are the considered risk factors that offer a pathway for entry of microorganisms from oral cavity to the lower respiratory tract which leads to respiratory problems. A worldwide public health emergency presently of high concern, SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19 is intently related to co-infections in the lungs. Effective oral health care measures are essential to prevent infections, specifically in severe COVID-19 patients. Keywords: Human Oral Microbiome, Covid 19, Respiratory Infection

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Abstract

Dental caries or tooth decay is a multifactorial noncommunicable disease affecting worldwide. All age groups get affected but children and adolescences are at high risk. The main causative agent for the initiation of the process is Streptococcus mutans whereas; Lactobacillus acidophilus helps to form deep cavitations. Immunology of the oral cavity plays a vital role in eliminating the dental caries development. So, targeting the initiation process by caries vaccines will serve the purpose of preventing the process effectively.   Keywords: Dental caries, S mutans, Caries immunology, Caries vaccines

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Abstract

Gene expression controls the cellular differentiation and morphogenesis for body organisation. Every species has different and unique body patterns and this is influenced by certain group of genes called as homeobox genes. Molecular events are involved in the tooth development process or odontogenesis and this is also controlled by homeobox genes. It was first identified in fruit fly Drosophila Melanogaster.   Keywords: Homeobox genes, Tooth development, Odontogenesis, Tooth morphogenesis

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Abstract

Utility of animals for the service of mankind is practiced from time immemorial. In the era of scientific advancements, the use of animals has extended in to the research field as well. Numerous animal species are bred for research purpose in the laboratories and choosing the right animal for dental research remains a dilemma. This review throws limelight on the animal models available for dental research. Keywords: Animal models, Dental research, Selection criteria.

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