Saswati Mukhopadhyay

Abstract

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) a heterogeneous disorder, characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, obesity, and insulin resistance (IR). Studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance in PCOS. Aim: To find the difference of vitamin D level between the PCOS and control groups. And to correlate serum 25(OH)D concentration and metabolic risk factors in PCOS women. Materials and Methods: 49 women, diagnosed with PCOS were recruited as cases and another 49 women without PCOS served as controls. Demographic data like age, BMI, menstrual pattern, clinical features like hirsuitism, acne were recorded for both cases and control. The serum 25(OH)D and metabolic markers were measured. The primary outcome was the difference in vitamin D status between the cases and controls, the secondary outcomes were correlations between serum 25(OH)D concentration and metabolic risk factors in women with PCOS. Results: Vitamin D level was significantly lower in cases than in controls (P < 0> was significantly greater in the Vitamin D deficiency group among cases (P < 0> fasting insulin. Also, prevalence of obesity and deranged lipid profile was not significantly increased in the vitamin D deficiency group of PCOS patients. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in PCOS women in Eastern India, especially in those with IR and with metabolic risk factors like HDL – C. Larger sample sizes are needed to probe correlation with other metabolic risk factors in PCOS women. Keywords: Vitamin D deficiency, Insulin resistance, Metabolic risk factors, PCOS.

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Abstract

Aims: Cervical carcinogenesis is a multi-step process associated with refractory infection by highrisk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Only a minority of HPV infected women develop cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer, indicating that HPV infection is not the sole risk factor to induce cervical cancer. The present study aimed to identify the association of toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) (2848C>T; rs352140) single neucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with cervical cancer in East Indian women. Materials and Methods: Study subjects comprised 71 women with histologically proven cervical cancer, and 100 women with benign cervical lesions. The case group included HPV 16 +ve subjects with malignancy. Among subjects with benign lesions, 43 were HPV 16 +ve (intermediate group) and 57 were HPV –ve (control group). TLR9 genotyping was performed using PCR RFLP. TLR9 expression was analyzed using real time PCR. Results: For the C2848T polymorphism of TLR9, the TT genotype and the T allele frequency were significantly increased in the case group compared to those in the control group and the intermediate group. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the TLR9 C2848T polymorphism may be a genetic risk factor for cervical cancer and the progression from HPV infection to cervical cancer. Keywords: TLR9 polymorphism, Innate immunity, Cervical carcinogenesis.

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Abstract

Introduction: Cervical carcinogenesis is a multi-step process associated with refractory infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Only a minority of HPV infected women develop cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer, indicating that HPV infection is not the sole risk factor to induce cervical cancer.. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are the most common form of genetic variants in human genome, some of which can influence the susceptibility to human diseases including cancer. TLR9 gene polymorphisms appear to have considerable role in disease susceptibility, including HPV induced cervical cancer. Aim: The present study aims to identify the role of TLR9 C2848T (rs352140) gene polymorphism in cervical cancer susceptibility in East Indian women. Materials and Methods: Our study was a case – control study. Study subjects comprised 33 women with histologically proven cervical cancer, and 24 women with benign cervical lesions. The case group included HPV 16 +ve subjects with malignancy. Among the benign group, 15 were HPV16 +ve (intermediate group) and 9 were HPV –ve (control group).. HPV status and HPV type was confirmed by PCR based method, using specific primers. TLR9 genotyping was performed using PCR RFLP. TLR9 expression was analyzed across all categories of samples using real time PCR. Results: Our study showed increased expression of TLR9 in malignant group, compared to the control group. TLR9 expression was also increased in the HPV +ve nonmalignant group, compared to HPV –ve controls. Correlating TT, CT, CC genotype with TLR9 expression analysis across malignant group and control group, there was increased expression of TLR9 among TT genotype and CT genotype compared to CC genotype. Conclusion: Our study showed that TLR9 C2248T polymorphism causes upregulation of TLR9 expression among cervical cancer patients. Our studies suggest that the TLR9 C2848T (rs352140) polymorphism may be a risk factor of cervical cancer in East Indian women. Keywords:  SNP, TLR9 polymorphism, Cervical cancer.

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Abstract

Aims: Cervical carcinogenesis is a multi-step process associated with refractory infection by highrisk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Only a minority of HPV infected women develop cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer, indicating that HPV infection is not the sole risk factor to induce cervical cancer. The present study aimed to identify the association of demographic and clinic pathological factors in persistent high risk HPV infections of cervix and progression to cervical cancer in East Indian women. Materials and Methods: Study subjects comprised 71 women with histologically proven cervical cancer, and 100 women with benign cervical lesions. The case group included HPV 16 +ve subjects with malignancy. Among subjects with benign lesions, 43 were HPV 16 +ve (intermediate group) and 57 were HPV – ve (control group). Demographic factors like age at diagnosis, age at first childbirth, parity, postmenopausal status, literacy, smoking and clinic pathological factors like type of cervical cancer and grading were correlated with HPV infections and cervical cancer. HPV status and HPV Type was confirmed by PCR based method, using specific primers. Results: There was significant association between HPV +ve individuals (both cases and intermediates) and increased parity, post menopause, increased age at diagnosis, decreased age at first childbirth, illiteracy and smoking. All individuals of the case group were HPV +ve, type 16 and most had poorly differentiated and stage III squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Conclusion: Our study suggests that demographic factors should be taken into account when screening for HPV infectivity and cervical cancer. Keywords: Cancer cervix, Demographic factors.

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