Firoj A. Tamboli

Background: All over world cough is a common symptom in respiratory disease. When cough becomes severe, opioids act as a potent drug, but they have various side effects like sedation, constipation, etc. Therefore, there is a need to have an effective antitussive formulation, which doesn’t have respiratory depressant activity. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antitussive activity of granules containing Celosia argentea extract using a cough model induced by Sulphur dioxide gas in experimental mice. Materials and Methods: The antitussive effect of Celosia argentea granule formulation on SO2 gas induced cough in experimental animals, which compared to standard codeine sulphate and the result was determined by statistical analysis. Results: The antitussive activity of the granules tested in control, standard and test animal group respectively, it was compared to standard codeine sulphate (10, 15, 20 mg/kg body weight). Codeine sulphate as a standard drug for suppression of cough, act as potent antitussive agent, which produced 25.29%, 33.33%, 47.13% inhibition in cough at a dose of 10mg/kg, 15mg/kg and 20mg/kg respectively, whereas, codeine sulphate (20mg/kg) showed a maximum inhibition of 47.13% (p experiment. The test group of mice was showed 41.17%, inhibition, in cough on treatment with Celosia argentea granules after 60 min. of an experiment. This is very significant or nearly equal to a maximum dose of codeine sulphate (20mg/kg). Conclusion: Statistical analysis shows very significant antitussive effects of Celosia argentea granules at the level of p the identical terms. Keywords: Antitussive, Suppression, Celosia argentea L., Codeine sulphate and granules, Inhibition

This narrative review focussed on Diabetes which has emerged as a significant public health problem after cardiovascular diseases and the sixth leading cause of mortality worldwide. India faces a massive burden of Diabetes, which parallels a similar rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome. (Diabetes mellitus currently had a global prevalence of 6.4%, aged 20-79 years in 2010). Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years has increased from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5 % in 2014 (WHO) and is estimated to be 10.2% by 2030 (IDF). India has the second-largest number of diabetics (about a 61million, i.e., the prevalence of 8.8% and about 77 million, i.e., majority of 8.9%). The number is likely to increase to 101 million (prevalence of 9.9%) by 2030. These rising figures are primarily due to marked transitions leading to unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. That causes problems like retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, and neurodegenerative diseases. Diabetes is the most common progressive heterogeneous endocrine disorder with devastating multi-systemic complications characterized by altered glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Diabetes is principally divided into two types Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Again, DM is of 2 types — Type 1(Juvenile/Insulin-dependent) and Type-2 (Insulin resistance). Type1-DM is prevalent in the young population, associated with a lack of insulin production due to auto-immune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas. In contrast, Type2-DM is due to the inability of cells/tissues to respond to insulin appropriately. Long-term chronic hyperglycemia leads to organ dysfunction leads to organ failure, especially kidney, eyes, heart, and blood vessels. Keywords: T2DM, Antidiabetics, Newer drugs, Therapeutics

The study is aimed at the evaluation of potential activity of and possible interaction with metformin in animal Models of Diabetes Mellitus. Study objectives include study the anti-diabetic effect of for Diabetes Mellitus in animal models and also to study the effect of Abelmoschus esculentus with metformin and explore any interaction. Plant material was collected () followed by extraction of plant materials () Exudate collection of and activity test study was done (acute toxicity study, according to standard OECD guidelines) Experimental animals were divided into groups. Dosing was done for 28 days. Biochemical parameters were studied. Histopathology studies are done. Results showed that in this study administrations of Abelmoschus esculentus extract (2000mg/kg body weight) Metformin with extract (5mg/kg b.w. and 2000mg/kg body weight and Metformin 5mg/kg body weight decreased elevated blood glucose levels significantly from first to fourth week compared to diabetic control rats and showed minimal safety concerns. Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus, Metformin, Antagonism, Diabetes mellitus

Background:  To address the reasons for it is important to understand the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of all pertinent stakeholders. This multicentrrising burden of Diabetes mellitus in India this survey is aimed at understanding the KAP quotients of the community regarding knowledge of laypersons regarding diabetes mellitus as this is lacking in Indian studies. Materials and Methods:  A cross-sectional survey was conducted through online mode in India using a validated, field-tested questionnaire incorporating KAP domain questions regarding Diabetes mellitus (DM). Scores to questions were appropriately assigned. Results:  The mean (SD) age of the respondents was 35.2 (12.61) y and 62% had a graduate or higher level of education. The median (IQR) KAP scores were 10 (8-12), 5 (3-5) and 2 (2-3) out of a maximum of 18, 5 and 6, respectively. Higher educational and socioeconomic levels were associated with better attitude scores, but knowledge levels were comparable. Correlations between KAP scores were poor. Conclusions:  This study reveals that laypeople have appropriate knowledge and attitude regarding diabetes mellitus to some degree but there are important lacunae and practices are often found wanting. These issues need to be addressed in sustained public sensitization and motivational campaigns to improve the future and treatment outcomes of Diabetes mellitus in India. Keywords: KAP (knowledge­attitude­practices), Diabetes mellitus, T2DM, Community, Survey, India

Objective: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging global health issue. Resistance occurs when bacteria, parasites, viruses or fungi are exposed to antimicrobials but not killed by them. The study was conducted to gather baseline information to assess the antimicrobial consumption practices across six departments in a tertiary care super speciality hospital of West Bengal. Materials and Methods: Modified version of a patient data collection form proposed by Global PPS was developed on Epi Info software version 7 (CDC). Data of all patients in ward at 08.00 am data were studied. The use of antimicrobials was categorized as empiric, prophylactic or lab based. This classification is not mentioned in the files, so a response from the doctor taking care of the patient was noted. Results: A total of 85 patient related data was collected in the designated survey form. Total beds covered was 340 and the number of patients on antimicrobials was found to be low at 21.27 %. The patients surveyed were predominantly female (78.8 %). The mean number of antimicrobials per patient was found to be 1.62 (range of 1.4 to 2.2) Relatively low number of patients were found to be on 2 or more antimicrobials. Double gram negative and Double anaerobic coverage of AM used varied across departments covered. Conclusion: Our point prevalence study was able to facilitate conducting of point prevalence survey in high patient volume tertiary care hospital with paper based medical record system and also depicted the baseline parameters of intervention for instituting future action and policy changes. Keywords: Antimicrobial stewardship, Point prevalence, Antimicrobial resistance, Antibiotic use

Idiopathic aspiratory fibrosis (IPF) is the most well-known sort of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). IIPs are precipitously shappening (idiopathic) diffuse parenchymal lung illnesses. IPF is characterized as a precipitouly happening (idiopathic) explicit type of persistent fibrosing interstitial pneumonia restricted to the lung and related with an example of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) on imaging or histology. Pleasant rules for the analysis of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD), preceding thought for against fibrotic treatment, specify that the conclusion of ILD has been made by a multidisciplinary group (MDT). Keywords: IPF, Pirfenidone, Nintedanib, NAC, Antifibrotics